核裂变产物

裂变产物的质量数产额图:铀-235钚-239铀-233的热中子裂变产物

核裂变产物即指核裂变过程中生成的产物。核裂变是指由较重的(原子序数较大的)原子,主要是指铀或钚,分裂成较轻的(原子序数较小的)原子的一种核反应形式。原子弹以及核电站的能量来源都是核裂变。早期原子弹应用(以铀-238制备的)钚-239为原料制成,而铀-235裂变在核电厂最常见,由钍-232制备的铀-233也在实验堆中使用。

特点与种类

重核原子经中子撞击后,分裂成为两个较轻的原子,这就是最初的裂变产物。由于重原子核的中子含量很高,大约60%(如钚-239含有145个中子),而轻的稳定原子核中子含量较低(50%~55%),因此裂变产物中都含有过多的中子。这些富含中子的裂变产物都通过系列β衰变(把中子变成质子的反应)最终变成稳定核,这一过程中将产生一系列放射性裂变产物,每个β系列都维持质量数不变,都以一个稳定核为终点。例如 氪-92 → 铷-92 → 锶-92 → 钇-92 → 锆-92。

核裂变生成众多不同产物,可以按照质量数分成不同的β系列,而这些不同系列(即不同质量数)的种类分布也是有规律的。如右图所示,每个重核都大致分裂成大小两个轻核,一个质量数在86~107之间(),一个质量数在131-148之间()。此外,微量的(0.2~0.4%)三裂式裂变,除了大小两个轻核外,还产生一个微小的氦-4或氚核。

放射性危害

由于核反应堆存在核泄露的隐患,因此放射性裂变产物受到广泛关注。事实上,也是很幸运的是,没有半衰期为百年至二十万年之间的裂变产物,因此放射性裂变产物可以分成两类,一类放射性强,但是可以在数百年内衰变殆尽;另一类放射性很弱,它们的放射性低于相应裂变原料,即放射性矿物,采用废料回填矿坑的办法就能达成“核工业降低地壳的放射性总量”。

第一类强放射性的裂变产物中,绝大多数半衰期很短,在泄露数月内就很快耗尽,但有几个核素半衰期在数年到数十年之间,列于上表“中寿命核分裂产物”,它们造成的影响将持续数十至数百年。其中最值得关注的是铯-137锶-90,它们的半衰期都约为30年(寿命很长),而且裂变产额都较高(产量很大),这两种原子核是裂变产物放置数年至数百年间放射性的主要来源(因为其它强放射性核或者数年内耗尽,或者含量太低)。如上表所示,铯-137和锶-90的产额和衰变能都显著地比其它核素高。不幸的是,这两种中长期辐射主力核素,恰巧都容易进入生物体内:铯和锶两种元素的化学性质分别与钾和钙相似,容易被人体吸收,特别是锶容易代替钙沉积在骨骼中,因此对铯-137和锶-90的回收利用或无害化处理十分重要。此外一些极短寿命的放射性产物也颇受关注,特别是碘-131,虽然数个月就能衰变殆尽,但它极易被人体吸收富集;另外,铯-134锶-89是另两个短寿强放射性核素,对人体伤害方式与铯-137和锶-90相同,只是危害时间更集中。[註 1]以上五个核素正是裂变产物泄漏造成数次人体伤害事故的主要元凶,相关数据列于下表:

核素 裂变产额 半衰期 衰变产物 衰变能 生物体
相似物
富集于器官 传播 对策
碘-131 ~3% 8.02天 β氙 971 keV 碘-127 甲状腺 大气水体 服用碘化钾
铯-137 6.3% 30.2年 β钡 1174 keV 肝、肾、肌肉 大气水体 深耕、钾肥
普鲁士蓝
铯-134 <6.8%[注1] 2.06年 β钡 1548 keV
锶-90 4.5% 27.7年 ββ锆 2826 keV 骨骼,无法排出 尘埃 土壤中撒石灰
锶-89 ~3% 50.5天 β钇 982 keV


第二类裂变产物放射性很低,却「太长寿」,最值得关注的是碘-129锝-99铯-135。虽然它们放射性比相应数量的铀矿原料低,但比铀矿更容易游离于自然水体之中,它们分别以I-TcO4-和Cs+形式溶解在水中,而且难以沉积,造成大自然水体的近乎永久性的放射性污染。因此它们的隔绝存放尤为重要。它们被自然水体稀释后,辐射量远低于自然界的辐射背底,不对人体健康造成影响,而且即使多量摄入也很容易排出。[註 2]

此外,核泄漏或核爆炸造成的放射污染还包括钚铀等锕系元素的污染,它们不属于核裂变产物。

註释

  1. ^ 铯-134不是直接的裂变产物,它是裂变产物衰变后再次俘获中子生成的,因此不存在于核爆炸产物中、只存在于反应堆产物中。6.8%的产额指其与俘获中子的前体铯-133(无放射性)的总产额。(质量数134的β系列产物的衰变终点是稳定的氙-134,无法到达铯-134)
  2. ^ 铀矿中释放的易游离于水体中的、易游离于大气中的氡都极其短寿。铀本身的放射性也很低,但是它能稳定地产生一定比例的较高放射性的中间产物,比如等。

参考文献

  1. ^ 虽然不是锕系元素,但它紧接在锕系元素锕之前,且有半衰期超过4年,可被列入此表中的同位素,因此镭也被列入其中。
  2. ^ 此表列出的是热中子轰击235U的裂变产额。
  3. ^ Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248. Nuclear Physics. 1965, 71 (2): 299. Bibcode:1965NucPh..71..299M. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4. 
  4. ^ 是所有半衰期超过四年的同位素中最重的
  5. ^ 半衰期远长于232Th,基本可视为稳定的衰变产物被排除在外,如半衰期8×1015年的113Cd。

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