Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

正子斷層造影

正电子发射断层扫描
ICD-10-PCS英语ICD-10 Procedure Coding SystemC?3
ICD-9-CM92.0-92.1
MeSHD049268
OPS-301英语OPS-3013-74
典型的正电子发射计算机断层扫描(PET)設備圖片
侦测器模块和PET探头的示意图(此处为西门子ECAT Exact HR+)
PET数据采集流程示意图
典型的最大強度投影(MIP) 18F-FDG全身PET影像擷取

正电子发射断层扫描(英語:Positron emission tomography,简称PET[1]简称正子斷層造影正电子成像术,是一种核医学临床检查的成像技术。PET技术是目前唯一的用解剖形态方式进行功能、代谢和受体显像的技术,具有无创伤性的特点并能提供全身三维和功能運作的图像。正电子发射计算机断层扫描既是医学也是研究的工具。在肿瘤学临床醫學影像癌扩散方面的研究方面有着大量的应用。

准备工作

進行掃描前,人們使用半衰期較短的放射性示蹤劑同位素(或稱為顯影劑,如氟化脫氧葡萄糖,其放射性同位素为氟-18,常用于肿瘤成像),其衰變過程會放射出正電子,將其通過化學反應置換到生物體容易代謝的分子裡,然後把它注射入生物體內(通常進入血液循環)。人們需要等待一段時間,使該分子進入生物體的代謝系統中(常用的氟化脫氧葡萄糖,醣類的一種,一般等待時間在一個小時左右)並集中於需確認的器官,然後將實驗對象或患者安置在影像掃描器上。

扫描器

当注射到人体内的放射性同位素经历正电子放射衰变时(又称为正电子的β衰变),它释放出一个正电子(即一个电子相对应的反粒子),在经历了几个毫米的旅行后,正电子将會與生物體中的一個电子遭遇并產生電子對湮滅,产生一对湮灭光子射向几乎背對背的两个方向。当它们遇到偵測器中的闪烁晶体物质时,会造成一点光亮,而被光敏感的光电倍增管雪崩光電二極體所探测到。此种技术依靠对于一对光子的并发事件(同時事例)探测,非同时發生抵達偵測器(即相差几个奈秒以上的时間)的光子将被視為背景事件而不考虑在其中。

影像重建

PET扫描器获得的原始数据是一系列由探测器获得,由正子與電子湮灭產生的一對光子的并发事件。每个并发事件背后,有一个正电子逸出,从而引发一个湮灭事件,在空间中同时射出背向的两个光子并被捕捉到。

并发事件重组成投影图像,成为sinograms。sinograms被多角度和方向排列组合後,构成3维图像。普通的一次PET扫描,数据量达到几百万个事例,而相對於電腦斷層掃描(CT)則可以达到几十亿个事例。由此可見,PET数据遭遇的散射和偶发事件(即背景事件)比率远比CT为多。

事实上,人们需要非常多地对数据进行预处理,校正由随机并发造成的影响,估计并去除散射的光子,探测头不工作期(dead-time、每次探测到一个光子之后,探测头需要一個短暫的恢復時間)的校正,及探测器敏感性校正(为探测头内在敏感性及由于并发事件发生的角度产生的敏感性)。

安全考虑

PET扫描是非侵入性的,但是会暴露在放射性同位素下。放射总量很少,通常在7个毫单位西弗(Sv)左右。与之相比,在英国平均每年环境辐射达到2.2 mSv,胸部X光辐射0.02 mSv,CT胸部辐射8 mSv,空中乘务人员每年接受辐射2-6 mSv,而在康沃爾郡每年环境辐射达到7.8 mSv。(数据来源,英国国家辐射保护协会)。然而,在临床应用领域,PET一般与CT同时运用,介于PET对软组织成像的优势结合成熟的CT技术,PET/CT是现在商业PET的主要形式,市面上几乎没有独立的医用PET销售。

应用

PET可用于肿瘤学诊断。在进行这种检查前,会先为受试者注射显影剂氟化脫氧葡萄糖18F-FDG)。氟化脫氧葡萄糖是一种葡萄糖的类似物。相比普通的葡萄糖分子,氟化脫氧葡萄糖的一个羟基基团被放射性同位素氟-18取代,因此具有放射性,会持续向外放出正电子。因为二碳位上的羟基被氟原子取代,氟化脫氧葡萄糖进入细胞被磷酸化后,不能被进一步代谢;又因带有电荷,也不能通过细胞膜上的通道蛋白运出细胞。因此,一旦氟化脫氧葡萄糖进入细胞,在氟-18衰变前,较长时间内都会以磷酸化形式留在细胞内。癌细胞对葡萄糖的消耗量较高,因此,如果受试者体内存在癌细胞,在注射氟化脫氧葡萄糖后,癌细胞会摄入相对多的氟化脫氧葡萄糖。由此,利用PET检测出信号强(放射性强)的部位就可能存在癌细胞。根据得到的检测结果,就可以达成对恶性肿瘤的诊断[2][3]

註釋

  1. ^ Bailey, D.L; D.W. Townsend; P.E. Valk; M.N. Maisey. Positron-Emission Tomography: Basic Sciences. Secaucus, NJ: Springer-Verlag. 2005 [2019-01-02]. ISBN 1-85233-798-2. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06). 
  2. ^ Zaucha, Jan Maciej; Chauvie, Stephane; Zaucha, Renata; Biggii, Alberto; Gallamini, Andrea. The role of PET/CT in the modern treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Treatment Reviews. July 2019, 77: 44–56 [2020-05-02]. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.06.002. (原始内容存档于2021-03-22) (英语). 
  3. ^ McCarten, Kathleen M.; Nadel, Helen R.; Shulkin, Barry L.; Cho, Steve Y. Imaging for diagnosis, staging and response assessment of Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Pediatric Radiology. October 2019, 49 (11): 1545–1564. ISSN 0301-0449. doi:10.1007/s00247-019-04529-8 (英语). 

参考文献

  • Young H, Baum R, Cremerius U; et al. Measurement of clinical and subclinical tumour response using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography: review and 1999 EORTC recommendations. European Journal of Cancer. 1999, 35 (13): 1773–1782. 
  • Bustamante E and Pedersen PL. High aerobic glycolysis of rat hepatoma cells in culture: role of mitochondrial hexokinase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1977, 74 (9): 3735–3739. 
  • Klunk WE, Engler H, Nordberg A, Wang Y, Blomqvist G, Holt DP, Bergstrom M, Savitcheva I, Huang GF, Estrada S, Ausen B, Debnath ML, Barletta J, Price JC, Sandell J, Lopresti BJ, Wall A, Koivisto P, Antoni G, Mathis CA, and Langstrom B. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Annals of Neurology. 2004, 55 (3): 306–319. 
  • Small GW, Kepe V, Ercoli LM, Siddarth P, Bookheimer SY, Miller KJ, Lavretsky H, Burggren AC, Cole GM, Vinters HV, Thompson PM, Huang SC, Satyamurthy N, Phelps ME, and Barrio JR. PET of brain amyloid and tau in mild cognitive impairment. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006, 355 (25): 2652–2663. 

参见

外部連結


This information is adapted from Wikipedia which is publicly available.

Read other articles:

ВуствіллерWoustviller   Країна  Франція Регіон Гранд-Ест  Департамент Мозель  Округ Сарргемін Кантон Сарргемін-Кампань Код INSEE 57752 Поштові індекси 57915 Координати 49°04′36″ пн. ш. 7°00′37″ сх. д.H G O Висота 209 - 275 м.н.р.м. Площа 10,97 км² Населення 2891 (01-2020[1]) Густота 2…

Stefani HorisonLahir11 November 1996 (umur 27)Sampit, Kalimantan Tengah, IndonesiaKebangsaanIndonesiaNama lainFani MCI 5PendidikanAkademi Pariwisata MajapahitAPCA SingaporePekerjaanJurutama masakWirausahawati makanan daringKota asalSampit, Kalimantan TengahOrang tuaSubenho (ayah) Clara Maya (ibu)KerabatFebrina Horison (kakak)Calvin Horison (adik) Stefani Horison atau yang akrab dipanggil Fani (lahir 11 November 1996) adalah pemenang kompetisi memasak MasterChef Indonesia musim kel…

2007 Raleigh mayoral election ← 2005 October 9, 2007 2009 →   Candidate Charles Meeker Party Democratic Popular vote 21,089 Percentage 93.53% Mayor before election Charles Meeker Democratic Elected Mayor Charles Meeker Democratic The Raleigh mayoral election of 2007 was held on 9 October 2007 to elect a Mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina. It was won by Democratic incumbent Charles Meeker, who was unopposed. Results 2007 Raleigh mayoral election[1] Party Cand…

Order of algae Ralfsiales Ralfsia pacifica (crustose brown algae). Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Diaphoretickes Clade: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Phylum: Gyrista Subphylum: Ochrophytina Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: RalfsialesNakamura Families[1] Mesosporaceae Neoralfsiaceae Ralfsiaceae Ralfsiales is an order of crustose brown algae (class Phaeophyceae) containing two families.[2][3] References ^ Silberfeld, Thomas; Rousseau, Florenc…

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Chukha District – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 27°0′N 89°30′E / 27.000°N 89.500°E / 27.000; 89.500 District of Bhutan District in BhutanChukha district …

Народна армія Країна  УкраїнаТип всеукраїнське виданняТема ЗСУМова українськаЖанр координація військовихd, d, Воєнна журналістика і Категорія:Військова пресаТериторія УкраїнаМісце публікації КиївВидавець Центральний друкований орган Міністерства оборони

Kingdom HeartsInformación generalCreador Tesuya NomuraDesarrollador Square EnixDistribuidor Square EnixDiseñador Tetsuya Nomura Datos del juegoGénero Videojuego de rol de acciónPrimer videojuego Kingdom Hearts (2002)Ultimo videojuego Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory (2020)Datos del softwarePlataformas PlayStation 2PlayStation PortableGame Boy AdvanceNintendo DSNintendo 3DSPlayStation 3PlayStation 4Xbox OneNintendo SwitchMicrosoft WindowsPlataforma inicial PlayStation 2Datos del la mesaUnidad…

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع المنجورة (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أغسطس 2014) {{منطقة يمنية |الاسم الرسمي = قرية المنجورة (بدو رحل) |اسم2 = |البلد = {{اليمن]] |علم = |تعليق علم = |شعار = |تعليق شعار = |اللقب = …

أفغانستان د أفغانستان امارت إمارة أفغانستان مُحتلة من بريطانيا (1839-1842) محميّة بريطانيّة (1879–1919) 1823–1926   إمارة أفغانستانعلم أفغانستان  إمارة أفغانستانالشعار أفغانستان قبل إتفاقية خط ديورند عام 1893 عاصمة كابول نظام الحكم إمارة اللغة الرسمية الفارسية،  والبشتوية،  

Skeletal muscle relaxant drug TolperisoneClinical dataTrade namesMydocalm and othersAHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug NamesRoutes ofadministrationOral, parenteralATC codeM02AX06 (WHO) M03BX04 (WHO)Legal statusLegal status In general: ℞ (Prescription only) Pharmacokinetic dataMetabolismLiver, kidneyElimination half-life1st phase: 2 hrs2nd phase: 12 hrsExcretionRenalIdentifiers IUPAC name 2-methyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(1-piperidyl)propan-1-one CAS Number728-88-1 YPub…

Species of fish Deepwater dab Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Pleuronectiformes Family: Pleuronectidae Genus: Poecilopsetta Species: P. beanii Binomial name Poecilopsetta beanii(Goode, 1881) Synonyms Limanda beanii Goode, 1881 The deepwater dab (Poecilopsetta beanii) is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a bathydemersal fish that lives on bottoms at depths of 155 to 1,636 m (509 to 5,367 ft). I…

CBS/MyNetworkTV affiliate in Dothan, Alabama This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: WTVY TV – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) WTVY Dothan, AlabamaUnited StatesChannelsDigital: 36 (UHF)Virtual: 4BrandingNews 4My 4 (DT2…

Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW  • CAPES  • Google (N • L • A) (Junho de 2020) Burst Informação geral País Suécia Gênero(s) MetalcoreMath metalHardcore punkPost-metalMetal progressivo Período em atividade 1993 - 2009 Gravadora(s) Relapse RecordsBirdnest RecordsImpression RecordsPrank Records Integra…

Common dishes throughout Europe See also: European cuisine This is a list of European cuisines. A cuisine is a characteristic style of cooking practices and traditions,[1] often associated with a specific culture. European cuisine refers collectively to the cuisines of Europe.[2] European cuisine includes cuisines of Europe, but can arguably also include non-indigenous cuisines of North America, Australasia, Oceania, and Latin America, which derive substantial influence from Euro…

هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها.   لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع الكنيسة الإنجيلية (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أكتوبر 2015) الكنيسة…

National park in Botswana A South African giraffe Central Kalahari Game Reserve is an extensive national park in the Kalahari Desert of Botswana. Established in 1961 it covers an area of 52,800 square kilometres (20,400 sq mi) (larger than the Netherlands, and almost 10% of Botswana's total land area), making it the second largest game reserve in the world.[1] History The Bushmen, or San, have inhabited the lands for thousands of years since they roamed the area as nomadic hunt…

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Good Life 2008 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2008 Chilean filmThe Good LifeFilm posterSpanishLa buena vida Directed byAndrés WoodWritten byMamoun HassanStarringAline K…

Belgian professional football club RSCA redirects here. The term may also refer to Rotating savings and credit association. This article is about the men's football team. For the women's football team, see RSC Anderlecht (women). For the racing team, see R.S.C. Anderlecht (Superleague Formula team). Football clubAnderlechtFull nameRoyal Sporting Club AnderlechtNickname(s)Purple & White, Sporting (Dutch: Paars-wit; French: Les Mauves et Blancs)Short nameR.S.C.A.Founded27 May 1908;…

Italian architect (1808–1873) Carlo Promis Carlo Promis (1808 – 1873 in Turin, Italy) was an Italian architect and architectural historian and a proponent of Eclecticism. Promis earned his degree in architecture at Turin in 1828 and subsequently worked in Rome alongside leaders in the field of ancient architectural history, including Carlo Fea, Luigi Canina, and Antonio Nibby. He studied ancient sites, including Alba Fucens, and carried out new projects in Turin. References Politecnico di To…

  关于与「李兆基 (演員)」標題相近或相同的条目,請見「李兆基 (消歧義)」。 李兆基男演员罗马拼音Lee Siu Kei英文名Keith Lee昵称吹水基、高飛、基哥、Dee王基国籍 中华人民共和国(香港)出生(1949-12-04)1949年12月4日 中国廣東省佛山市順德縣逝世2019年6月2日(2019歲—06—02)(69歲) 香港油尖旺區伊利沙伯醫院职业演員、導演教育程度小學宗教信仰基督教[1]配…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya

Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.12.147.243