核武器當量即核武器的爆炸当量,指其核爆炸可以釋放出的能量,通常用釋放出相同能量的三硝基甲苯(TNT)的噸位來衡量。常見的單位有千噸(kt)和百萬噸(Mt),有時也用太焦耳(TeraJoules)。因為測量TNT爆炸產生的能量具有一定主觀性,加之試驗誤差,精確測定很困難(特別是在核武器研發初期)。因此,一千噸TNT爆炸的能量約定俗成的定為1012卡路里,相當於4.184太焦耳。[1]
當量-重量比是指核武器的當量與其自身重量的比值。對於聚變武器(熱核武器),當量-重量比的理論極限是每噸位炸彈6百萬噸TNT,相當於25太焦耳/千克。[2]1960年代曾報道過當量在5.2百萬噸/噸,甚至更高的單彈頭核武器。[2]但從那時起,為了增加打擊效率,多彈頭核武器受到青睞。因此,核武器開始小型化,現代單彈頭核武器的當量-重量比開始走下坡路。
從上往下當量遞增(大部分數據為近似值):
作為比較,美國GBU-43大型空爆炸彈(MOAB,戲稱為“炸彈之母”)的當量只有11噸TNT;1995年俄克拉何馬城爆炸案中案犯使用的硝銨炸藥只相當於2噸TNT;2015年天津港危化品倉庫爆炸事故當量相當於445噸TNT;2020年貝魯特爆炸事故當量大約在數百噸至一千噸之間的TNT。即使跟最小的核武器相比,常規爆炸也難以企及。
理論上,裂變核武器所能達到的最高當量-重量比約為每噸位炸彈600萬噸TNT,相當於25太焦耳/千克。[2]迄今達到的最高值略小於這個極限。現代小巧核武器的當量-重量比更低,因為需要考慮載具的運載能力。
現代核武庫中已經很少有大型單彈頭。取而代之的是多目標重返大氣層載具運載的多彈頭系統。在當量或者載荷相近時,後者的破壞力遠遠超出前者。單個彈頭的破壞力是其當量的2/3。在多彈頭系統中,雖然每個彈頭的破壞力相對小些,但是整體上多彈頭的破壞力不但能夠補償失去的當量數,反而會因為更好的當量-重量比而具有更大的破壞力。
核爆炸的當量有時很難計算,誤差較大。當量的計算有幾種方式,比如通過爆炸的範圍、亮度、地震數據和衝擊波的強度來確定。恩裡科·費米曾用過一種非常粗略的方法來估計三位一體核試的當量。他在爆炸衝擊波到來時扔出一把碎紙片,然後測量紙片飛了多遠,以此估計爆炸的強度。[5]
1950年,英國物理學家傑弗里·泰勒曾利用簡單的量綱分析和對極熱空氣熱容的估計,估算了聖三一核試驗的當量。他得到的近似值精度頗佳。起初泰勒的工作是嚴格保密的。1950年代,當前蘇聯爆炸了同類核彈之後,聖三一核試驗被解密。泰勒於是發表了一篇文章,其中包括對聖三一核試驗中火球的分析。泰勒指出,開始時火球的大小R僅僅依賴於爆炸產生的能量E、引爆後的時間t和空氣的密度ρ。唯一能得到長度量綱的計算公式為:
R = S ( E t 2 ρ ρ --> ) 1 5 {\displaystyle R=S\left({\frac {{E{t}}^{2}}{\rho }}\right)^{\frac {1}{5}}}
S是一個無量綱的常數,是熱容比(γ = Cp/Cv,或者稱作絕熱指數)的低階函數,因此在任何條件下都近似為1。
泰勒觀察了聖三一核試驗中的火球隨時間的變化後發現,R5/t2對核試驗是一個常數,特別是時間在0.38毫秒(衝擊波剛剛形成)和1.93毫秒(大量能量以輻射熱的形式散失)之間。
泰勒選擇了爆炸後t=25毫秒,這時火球半徑為140米。爆炸當天聖三一的空氣密度為1千克/立方米。用這些值代入以上公式,泰勒得到聖三一核試驗爆炸當量為二萬二千噸TNT(90太焦耳)。值得注意的是,聖三一核試驗中的火球是半個火球,而不是一個完整的球。但是這個簡單的計算得到的結果同官方數據(二萬噸TNT)相差僅10%。[6]
當熱容比γ小於2時,泰勒的常數S可以用下式來估計:[7]
S = [75(γ-1)/8π]1/5
完全解離空氣分子的熱容比為1.67;極熱的未解離空氣分子的熱容比為1.20。在核彈火球中的空氣與標准狀態下的空氣恰好有同樣的熱容比:1.40。根據這個數據,泰勒的常數S在絕熱衝擊波區為1.036。
許多核爆未公布數據,因此其當量均有爭議,特別是涉及到政治的時候。比如,在廣島和長崎爆炸的原子彈設計相當不同。事後估計它們的當量很困難。投擲於廣島的“小男孩”的當量估計為一萬二千到一萬八千噸TNT(誤差20%),投擲於長崎的“胖子”估計為一萬八千到二萬三千噸TNT(誤差10%)。這樣的數據可以用來評估其它炸彈在實戰中的性能。比如“常春藤麦克”熱核武器相當於867或578個廣島核彈。其它受到爭議的還包括“沙皇炸彈”的當量。不同的政治人物使用不同的數值。有的說“只有五千萬噸”,另外的則說“五千七百萬噸”。
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