經過多年,1個可能屬於牠的羽毛標本及12個始祖鳥的骨骼化石標本曾被發現。所有化石都是來自德國索倫霍芬石灰岩礦床,这里經過了几个世紀的挖掘。[21][16]最初發現的一個羽毛標本(HMN.Ab.100) 是於1860年出土,並於1年後由汪邁爾(Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer)所發表。这块标本的正模现在存放于慕尼黑市科学研究院博物馆,负模現時存放在柏林的洪堡博物馆(Humboldt Museum für Naturkunde)內。它一般被認為是屬於始祖鳥,且是牠的正模標本,但究竟事實上是屬於哪一種生物則不得而知。有一些資料顯示它並非是由同一骨骼的動物(即模式種的印石板始祖鳥)而來。[22]
及後,首個骨骼标本,稱為倫敦標本(BMNH 37001; London specimen)於1861年在德國的朗恩艾特罕出土,並送給了當地的醫生作為醫療費。醫生後來賣給了並保存在倫敦的自然歷史博物館。[16]这个标本保存了沒有頭及頸部的大部份骨骼,它於1863年由理察·奧雲(Richard Owen)所發表並命名為大尾始祖鳥(Archaeopteryx macrura),因他相信它不是屬於該羽毛的同一物種。達爾文在其後修改他的《物種起源》時,亦指奧雲的發現是爬蟲類與鳥類之間的連接。
柏林標本(HMN MB. 1880/81; Berlin specimen; 2nd):於1876年或1877年在德國近愛希施泰特的布魯門柏格被發現,是第二个被发现的标本。發現者將它交換了一頭牛。這個標本於1881年被拍賣,買家當中包括了奧塞內爾·查利斯·馬什,最後由洪堡博物馆成功收購並展覽至今。這次交易由西門子公司創始人維爾納·馮·西門子(Ernst Werner von Siemens)所資助。[16]達姆斯(Wilhelm Dames)於1884年正式發表,是首個有整個頭顱骨的標本。1897年Dames指這個標本是一個新的物種,稱為「A. siemensii」,最近的評估支持這一個說法[10]。
鸡翅標本(Bürgermeister-Müller Museum coll.; chicken wing; 9th):一個碎片化石於2000年在索倫霍芬与朗恩艾特罕之间的一个采石场被發現,这是第九件标本,这块化石是私人拥有的。自2004年在穆勒市长博物馆(Bürgermeister Müller Museum)展出,它属于索伦霍芬的奥特曼与斯太尔家族(Exemplar of the families Ottman & Steil, Solnhofen)。化石保存很差,只有一个前肢可以辨认,因此被称为“鸡翅標本”。
Pterodactylus crassipes Meyer, 1857 [suppressed in favor of A. lithographica 1977 per ICZN Opinion 1070]
Rhamphorhynchus crassipes (Meyer, 1857) (as Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) crassipes) [suppressed in favor of A. lithographica 1977 per ICZN Opinion 1070]
由1985年開始,一群學者包括天文學家弗雷德·霍伊爾(Fred Hoyle)及物理學家李·斯柏特納(Lee Spetner)指始祖鳥的柏林及倫敦標本其實是偽造的。[42][43][44][45]他們的指控受到查理格(Alan J. Charig)及自然歷史博物館的學者所反對。[46]大部份指偽造的證據都是基於對岩化作用過程的陌生。例如,他們基於羽毛質感的差異指這些羽毛觀感是由薄層水泥造成[43],當中卻沒有考慮到羽毛本身會造成質感的差異。[46]他們亦表示不相信石板會如此平滑地分裂,或是保有化石的石板得以保存而非另一面的石板。[42][44]這些卻都是索倫霍芬化石的普遍性質,因為死去的動物可能掉下在硬化的表面造成日後的分裂,令大部份化石留在一面而另一面只得小許。[46]他們亦錯誤解釋這些化石,指尾巴被偽造成為一大型的羽毛[43],但明顯的肉眼可以分辨。[46]再者,他們所指的其他始祖鳥標本在發現時都沒有羽毛[42][43]並非事實。馬克斯柏格及愛希施泰特標本就是有羽毛的。[46]而且他們所指偽造的動機並不健全,甚至自相矛盾。其一指理察·奧雲偽造證據為支持達爾文的演化論;而另一指奧雲是要為達爾文設下圈套,期望藉達爾文的支持來懷疑他。但是奧雲本身就倫敦標本作出了詳細的描述,這些指控都只是毀謗。[47]
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^ 10.010.110.2Elżanowski A. (2002): Archaeopterygidae (Upper Jurassic of Germany). In: Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M (eds.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs: 129–159. University of California Press, Berkeley.
^Senter, P. (2006). Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds and the origin of flapping flight. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 51(2): 305–313. PDF (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
^Buisonje, P.H. de. Climatological conditions during deposition of the Solnhofen limestones. Hecht, M.K.; Ostrom, J.H.; Viohl, G.; and Wellnhofer, P. (eds.) (编). The beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference, Eichstatt, 1984. Eichstätt: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstätt. 1985: 45–65. ISBN 978-3980117807.
^Griffiths, P. J. (1996). The Isolated Archaeopteryx Feather. Archaeopteryx 14: 1-26.
^Wellnhofer, P. & Tischlinger, H. (2004). Das "Brustbein" von Archaeopteryx bavarica Wellnhofer 1993 - eine Revision. Archaeopteryx. 22: 3-15. [Article in German]
^Swinton, W. E. (1960). Opinion 1084, Proposed addition of the generic name Archaeopteryx VON MEYER, 1861 and the specific name Lithographica, VON MEYER, 1861, as published in the binomen Archaeopteryx Lithographica to the official lists (Class Aves). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature17(6-8): 224-226.
^ICZN. (1961). Opinion 607, Archaeopteryx VON MEYER, 1861 (Aves); Addition to the Official list. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature18(4): 260-261.
^Wagner A (1861) Über ein neues, angeblich mit Vogelfedern versehenes Reptil aus dem Solnhofener lithographischen Schiefer. Sitzungberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-physikalisch Classe 146-154
^ICZN. (1977). Opinion 1070. Conservation of Archaeopteryx lithographica VON MEYER 1861 (Aves). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature33: 165-166.
^Archaeopteryx turns out to be singular bird of a feather. New Scientist2443:17. 17 April 2004. 註釋 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
^ 48.048.1Spetner, L.M.; Hoyle, F.; Wickramasinghe, N.C.; and Magaritz, M. Archaeopteryx - more evidence for a forgery. The British Journal of Photography. 1988, 135: 14–17.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Witmer, L. (2002). The debate on avian ancestry. In: Witmer, L. and Chiappe, L. (eds)., Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press. 3-30.
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von Meyer, H. (1861). Archaeopteryx litographica (Vogel-Feder) und Pterodactylus von Solenhofen. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde. 1861: 678-679, plate V [德文].
Заголовок цієї статті — японське ім'я. Воно складається з прізвища та особового імені, яке слідує за ним: іменем цієї особи є Кітадзіма, а прізвищем — Хідеакі. Хідеакі Кітадзіма Особисті дані Народження 3 травня 1978(1978-05-03) (45 років) Нарасіно, Японія Зріст 182 см Громадянств
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