磷化氢

磷化氫
IUPAC名
Phosphane
别名
识别
CAS号 7803-51-2  checkY
PubChem 24404
ChemSpider 22814
SMILES
 
  • P
InChI
 
  • 1/H3P/h1H3
InChIKey XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYAP
Gmelin 287
UN编号 2199
EINECS 232-260-8
ChEBI 30278
RTECS SY7525000
性质
化学式 PH3
摩尔质量 34.00 g·mol⁻¹
外观 無色氣體
氣味 纯品无臭,有杂质时有鱼腥味或大蒜味[1]
密度 1.379 g/L(25 °C,气态)
熔点 -132.8 °C(140 K)
沸点 -87.7 °C(185 K)
溶解性 31.2 mg/100 ml(17 °C)
蒸氣壓 41.3 atm(20 °C)[1]
折光度n
D
2.144
黏度 1.1×10−5 Pa⋅s
结构
分子构型 三角錐體
偶极矩 0.58 D
热力学
ΔfHm298K 5 kJ/mol[2]
S298K 210 J/mol⋅K[2]
热容 37 J/mol⋅K
危险性
欧盟危险性符号
极易燃极易燃 F+
剧毒剧毒 T+
危害环境危害环境N
警示术语 R:R12-R17-R26-R34-R50
安全术语 S:S1/2-S28-S36/37-S45-S61-S63
GHS危险性符号
《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中易燃物的标签图案 《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中有毒物质的标签图案 《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中腐蚀性物质的标签图案 《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中对环境有害物质的标签图案
NFPA 704
4
4
2
 
闪点 可燃气体
自燃温度 38 °C
爆炸極限 1.79–98%[1]
PEL TWA 0.3 ppm(0.4 mg/m3[1]
致死量或浓度:
LD50中位剂量
3.03 mg/kg(大鼠,口服)
LC50中位浓度
11 ppm(大鼠,4小时)[3]
LCLo最低
1000 ppm(哺乳动物,5分钟)
270 ppm(小鼠,2小时)
100 ppm(豚鼠,4小时)
50 ppm(猫,2小时)
2500 ppm(兔子,20分钟)
1000 ppm(人类,5分钟)[3]
相关物质
相关氮族元素的氢化物
砷化氢
锑化氢
铋化氢
相关化学品 三甲基膦
三苯基膦
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

磷化氢又名[a],是无色、可燃、剧毒的气体,分子式PH
3
,属于氮族元素的氢化物。纯磷化氢无臭,但工业生产的磷化氢含有其它衍生物和联膦(P
2
H
4
)杂质,因此有很臭的腐烂鱼腥味。有痕量P
2
H
4
杂质的PH
3
在空气中会自燃,放出明亮的火焰。磷化氢有剧毒,浓度50 ppm时就会立即危及生命或健康英语immediately dangerous to life or health。它有三角锥形分子构型

历史

拉瓦锡的学生菲利普·冈冈布勒德语Philippe Gengembre于1783年通过在碳酸钾水溶液里加热白磷,首次合成磷化氢。[5][b]因为磷化氢和单质的关联,它曾被认为是气态磷,直到1789年拉瓦锡才发现它是磷和氢组成的化合物。[8]

1844年,法国化学家路易·雅克·泰纳尔的儿子保罗·泰纳尔德语Paul Thénard冷阱英语Cold trap磷化钙产生的磷化氢中分离出了联膦,发现它是PH
3
会自燃的原因。[9]

製取

磷化氢有多种制备方法。[10]工业上,磷化氢可以用白磷氢氧化钾氢氧化钠共热制取:[11]

3 KOH + P
4
+ 3 H
2
O → 3 KH
2
PO
2
+ PH
3
3 NaOH + P
4
+ 3 H
2
O → 3 NaH
2
PO
2
+ PH
3

实验室制法

实验室常通过亚磷酸在200 °C下的歧化产生磷化氢:[11]

4 H
3
PO
3
→ PH
3
+ 3 H
3
PO
4

它也可通过磷化钙与水反应产生:[11]

Ca
3
P
2
+ 6 H
2
O → 3 Ca(OH)
2
+ 2 PH
3

不含P
2
H
4
的纯磷化氢则可通过氢氧化钾碘化鏻的反应产生:[12]

[PH
4
]I + KOH → PH
3
+ KI + H
2
O

性質

磷化氢是无色、可燃、剧毒的气体,难溶于水,更易溶于二硫化碳非极性溶剂。PH
3
三角锥形分子构型分子对称性C3v。它的P−H键长为1.42 Å,H−P−H键角为93.5°偶极矩为0.58 D。[13]磷化氢的氢键弱。[14]

反应

磷化氢在水中呈两性。它既难以被质子化离子(PH+
4
),也难以去质子化成PH
2
离子,所以不管是酸性还是碱性都很弱。[13]

PH
3
+ H
2
O ⇌ PH
2
+ H
3
O+
Ka = 1.6×10−29
PH
3
+ H
2
O ⇌ PH+
4
+ OH
Kb = 4×10−28

盐酸可以质子化磷化氢,生成[PH
4
]+
Cl
,而液氨则可以去质子化磷化氢,生成[NH
4
]+
[PH
2
]
。磷化氫是路易斯鹼,可与BF3路易斯酸反应生成配合物。[13]

磷化氢还具有强还原性,可把多种金属化合物还原成金属单质,与PCl
5
反应则会得到PCl
3
[13]磷化氢在高温高压下与水反应,生成磷酸和氢气:[15][16]

PH
3
+ 4H
2
O 高温高压H
3
PO
4
+ 4H
2

磷化氢在超过600℃时才会分解为氢气,但催化剂可降低分解温度:[17]

4 PH
3
→ P
4
+ 6 H
2

磷化氢在空气中燃烧,生成五氧化二磷 (P2O5),后者与水反应生成磷酸[18][15]

2 PH
3
+ 4 O
2
→ P
2
O
5
+ 3 H
2
O
P
2
O
5
+ 3 H
2
O → 2 H
3
PO
4

总反应如下:

PH
3
+ 2 O
2
→ H
3
PO
4

存在

磷化氢在地球大气层中的浓度极低且多变。[19]这些磷化氢最有可能来自生物分解中磷酸盐还原。由于自然界中没有足以直接把磷酸盐还原成磷化氢的强还原剂,所以它们应该是通过多步还原及歧化反应产生的。[20]有机物分解过程产生的磷化氢自燃时,便会产生鬼火[20]

磷化氢也存在于木星的大气层中。[21]2020年有报告称通过光谱分析发现金星大气层中的磷化氢含量多到无法用非生物因子解释,[22][23][24]不过后来重新分析该研究时发现有插值错误,用已修正的算法重新分析数据后发现并没有在金星大气层中探测到磷化氢。[25][26]

应用

合成有机磷化合物

磷化氢是合成多种有机磷化合物的前体。它和甲醛在氯化氢存在下反应,生成四羟甲基氯化𬭸[27]它可通过氢膦化反应英语hydrophosphination加成到双键上产生膦,例如和丙烯腈反应生成三(氰乙基)膦[28]

PH
3
+ 3 CH
2
=CHCN → P(CH
2
CH
2
CN)
3

在酸催化下,磷化氢可与异丁烯反应:[28]

PH
3
+ (CH
3
)
2
C=CH
2
→ (CH
3
)
3
CPH
2

此外,磷化氢和醛在加热下(100℃)可得到叔膦化合物:[29]

PH
3
+ 3 RCHO → (RCH(OH))
3
P

半导体工业

磷化氢在半导体工业中用作掺杂剂[30]

熏蒸剂

磷化铝(AlP)、磷化镁Mg
3
P
2
)、磷化锌Zn
3
P
2
)、磷化二氢钠NaPH
2
[31]会和空气中的水蒸气反应生成磷化氢,这一特性使其被用作粮食仓库的熏蒸剂英语Fumigant[32][33]它们和老鼠的胃酸反应也能产生磷化氢,从而毒死老鼠。[34]

毒性及危害

磷化氢是剧毒气体,可通过吸入皮肤吸收英语transdermal进入人体。[35]它会导致氧化应激、影响线粒体[36]和氧气的运输,以及干扰各种细胞使用氧气。[37]磷化氢主要影响呼吸道,[38]中毒的症状包括恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、口渴、胸闷、呼吸困难、肌肉痛、发冷、木僵、晕厥、肺水肿[39][40][41]没有解药。[42]目前已有意外接触含磷化铝或磷化氢的熏蒸剂而死的案例。[35][43][37][39]磷化氢气体比空气重,会聚集在地面。[44]

美国职业安全与健康管理局英语Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA)把磷化氢的允许暴露极限英语Permissible exposure limit设为0.3 ppm,美国国家职业安全卫生研究所(NIOSH)设的建议暴露极限英语Recommended exposure limit同为这个值。磷化氢浓度达到50 ppm时就会立即危及生命或健康英语immediately dangerous to life or health[1]空气中微量的磷化氢可用硝酸银检测出来。[42]

爆炸性

磷化氢气体比空气重,会聚集在地面。它会和空气形成爆炸性混合物,也有可能自燃。[15]

大众文化

在《绝命毒师》的试播集中,沃尔特·怀特通过在沸水中加红磷产生磷化氢,使两个人中毒。现实中该反应要加的不是红磷而是白磷,而且水中要有氢氧化钠[45]

注释

  1. ^ 也指磷化氢分子中的氢原子部分或全部被烃基取代的一切衍生物,如甲膦[4]
  2. ^ 磷化氢早期历史的更多信息可见[6][7]

参考资料

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1937–38 Soviet ethnic cleansing of Poles Polish Operation of the NKVDPart of the Great Purge[1][2]Memorial in KrakówLocation Soviet Union, modern-day Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and othersDate1937–1938TargetPolesAttack typePrison shootingsDeaths+/− 111,091Victims22% of the Polish population of the Soviet Union was sentenced by the operation (140,000 people)[3]PerpetratorsNikolai Yezhov (NKVD), Joseph Stalin The Polish Operation of the NKVD (Soviet ...

 

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كأس الاتحاد الصيني 2011 تفاصيل الموسم كأس الاتحاد الصيني  البلد الصين  البطل نادي تيانجين تيدا  عدد المشاركين 30   كأس الاتحاد الصيني 2006  كأس الاتحاد الصيني 2012  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   كأس الاتحاد الصيني 2011 (بالصينية: 2011年中国足协杯) هو موسم من كأس الاتحاد الصيني. ك�...

1931 sheet music cover, Robbins Music, New York.1939 RCA Victor release by Bunny Berigan and His Men, 26122A.In the Dark is a 1931 jazz composition for solo piano by cornetist Bix Beiderbecke. It was the fourth in a series of four piano works composed by Bix Beiderbecke during his career. Background Bix Beiderbecke never recorded the composition himself but copyrighted it on April 18, 1931 along with Flashes, a similar work for solo piano, as A Modern Composition for the Piano. Bill Challis a...

 

Tris Speaker is the all-time leader in doubles, with 792. In baseball, a double is a hit in which the batter advances to second base in one play, without the benefit of a fielding error, advancing to second on a throw to another base, or another runner being put out on a fielder's choice.[1] A batter may also be credited with a ground-rule double when a fair ball, after touching the ground, bounds into the stands or becomes lodged in a fence or scoreboard.[2] Hall of Fame cen...

 

Italian light bomber/night fighter prototype Caproni Ca.331 Raffica The first Caproni Vizzola Ca.331, completed as the Ca.331 O.A. (Osservazione Area) reconnaissance aircraft prototype. Role Reconnaissance Aircraft/Bomber/Night FighterType of aircraft National origin Italy Manufacturer Caproni Designer Ing Cesare Pallavacino First flight Ca.331 O.A.: 31 August 1940Ca331 C.N.: Summer 1942 Primary user Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) Number built 3[1] The Caproni Ca.331...

Universitas Nasional Taiwan國立臺灣大學Moto敦品勵學˙愛國愛人(Pelihara Moral, Majukan Kecerdasan; Cintai Negerimu, Cintai Rakyatmu)JenisNegeri (Nasional)Didirikan1928[1]PresidenLee, Si-chen (李嗣涔)Staf akademik1,793 (full time),1,188 (joint and adjunct)Sarjana17,913Magister10,859LokasiKota Taipei, TaiwanKampusUrban, 1.6 km² (Taipei keseluruhan), 344 km² (Kabupaten Nantou keseluruhan)AfiliasiASAIHLSitus web(Inggris) (Mandarin) Universitas Nasional Taiwan (Hanzi trad...

 

هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً تقديم طلب لمراجعة المقالة في الصفحة المخصصة لذلك. (يوليو 2018) تحتوي هذه المقالة أبحاثًا أصيلةً، وهذا مُخَالفٌ لسياسات الموسوعة. فضلاً، أ...

 

Organized incorporated territory of the United States, 1900–1959 Territory of HawaiiPanalāʻau o Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian)Organized incorporated territory of the United States1900–1959 Flag Seal Main islands of the Territory of HawaiiAnthemHawaiʻi PonoʻīCapitalHonoluluGovernment • TypeOrganized incorporated territoryGovernor • 1900–1903 (first) Sanford B. Dole• 1957–1959 (last) William F. Quinn Military Governor • 1941 LTG Walter Short•...

British air marshal (born 1929) For the 18th century law lord, see William Craig, Lord Craig. Marshal of the Royal Air Force The Right HonourableThe Lord Craig of RadleyOfficial portrait, 2020Born (1929-09-17) 17 September 1929 (age 94)Dublin, IrelandAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchRoyal Air ForceYears of service1951–1991RankMarshal of the Royal Air ForceCommands heldChief of the Defence Staff (1988–91)Chief of the Air Staff (1985–88)RAF Strike Command (1982–85)No....

 

This article is about federal gun laws. For state and local gun laws, see Gun laws in the United States by state. Firearm legal topics of theUnited States Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bipartisan Safer Communities Act Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban F...

 

Term for stabilizing effects of Mongol conquest Detail of the Catalan Atlas depicting Marco Polo travelling to the East during the Pax Mongolica The Pax Mongolica (Latin for Mongol Peace), less often known as Pax Tatarica[1] (Tatar Peace), is a historiographical term modeled after the original phrase Pax Romana which describes the stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory that t...

American internet company For the Christian eucharistic practice, see Open communion. OpenTable, Inc.Screenshot Type of siteSubsidiaryFoundedJuly 2, 1998; 25 years ago (1998-07-02)HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, United StatesNo. of locations10 (2016)[1]Area servedWorldwideFounder(s)Chuck TempletonSid GorhamEric MoeKey peopleDebby Soo CEOJoseph Essas CTOIndustryInternetServicesTable reservationRevenue US$190.05M (2013)[2]Operating income ...

 

Lanacomune(IT, DE) Lana Lana – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Trentino-Alto Adige Provincia Bolzano AmministrazioneSindacoHarald Stauder (SVP) dal 22-9-2020 (3º mandato) Lingue ufficialiItaliano, Tedesco TerritorioCoordinate46°36′57.67″N 11°08′41.49″E46°36′57.67″N, 11°08′41.49″E (Lana) Altitudine310 m s.l.m. Superficie36,12 km² Abitanti12 486[3] (31-8-2020) Densità345,68 ab./km² FrazioniFoiana/Vö...

 

CityRail Tentang Mode Kereta komuterKereta antarkotaGerbong Pemilik Pemerintah New South Wales Daerah Operasi Greater Sydney Bisnis Didirikan 1990 Operasi Jaringan 2,060 km Stasiun 305 Sistem Tiket Automated Fare Collection System Angkutan umum | lbs Logo CityRail hingga 2013 Concourse  Central Railway Station, stasiun utama jaringan CityRail. Stasiun ini dibuka di tempat ini pada 1906. CityRail adalah sebuah divisi operasi dari RailCorp, sebuah perusahaan milik pemerintah negara b...

Distrik Duc Pho Huyện Đức PhổDistrikNegara VietnamWilayahPusat Pesisir SelatanProvinsiQuang NamPusatDuc PhoLuas • Total144 sq mi (372 km2)Populasi (2003) • Total150.566Zona waktuUTC+7 (UTC + 7) Đức Phổ (listenⓘ) merupakan sebuah distrik (huyện) di provinsi Quang Ngai, wilayah Pusat Pesisir Selatan, Vietnam. Pada tahun 2003, distrik ini memiliki populasi sebesar 150,566 jiwa.[1] Distrik ini memiliki area seluas 372 k...

 

Tänzer mit ʻuliʻuli beim Hula kahiko, Merrie Monarch Festival 2003 Hula ist ein erzählender Tanz, der sich in Hawaii entwickelte. Die Inselgruppe Hawaii bildet die nördliche Spitze des polynesischen Dreiecks und gehört als 50. Bundesstaat zu den USA. Hula ist verwandt mit den Tanzformen anderer polynesischer Völker, hat aber wegen der großen Entfernung Hawaiis zu den anderen polynesischen Inseln eine eigenständige Entwicklung durchlebt. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Stil 2 Hula kahiko 3 ...

 

Municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, GermanyWesternohe Municipality Coat of armsLocation of Westernohe within Westerwaldkreis district Westernohe Show map of GermanyWesternohe Show map of Rhineland-PalatinateCoordinates: 50°35′21″N 8°6′1″E / 50.58917°N 8.10028°E / 50.58917; 8.10028CountryGermanyStateRhineland-PalatinateDistrictWesterwaldkreis Municipal assoc.RennerodGovernment • Mayor (2019–24) Volker Abel[1]Area • Tot...

Voce principale: Benevento Calcio. FCS BeneventoStagione 2000-2001Sport calcio Squadra Sporting Benevento Allenatore Francesco Dellisanti, poi Francesco Paolo Specchia Presidente Renato Pedicini Serie C112º nel girone B Coppa Italia Serie CSedicesimi di finale Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Luisi, Malafronte (32) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Bonfiglio (13) StadioSanta Colomba 1999-2000 2001-2002 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti il F...

 

『三民主義歌』とも呼ばれる中華民国の国歌については「中華民国国歌」をご覧ください。 この記事には複数の問題があります。改善やノートページでの議論にご協力ください。 出典がまったく示されていないか不十分です。内容に関する文献や情報源が必要です。(2013年11月) 出典は脚注などを用いて記述と関連付けてください。(2016年3月) ほとんどまたは完全�...