Interleukin-21 se isto proizvodi od strane Hodžgkinova limfoma (HL) karcinom ćelija (što je iznenađujuće zato što se za IL-21 mislilo da ga proizvode samo ćelija). Ovo obzervacija može da objasni dobar deo ponašanja klasičnog Hodgkinsovog sindroma uključujući klastere drugih imunih ćelija sakupljene oko HL ćelija u kulturama. Ciljanje IL-21 citokina može da bude potencijalni tretman ili moguće test za HL.[12]
Receptor
IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) je izražen na površini T, B i NK ćelija. IL-21R je sličan po strukturi sa receptorima drugih tip I citokina, poput IL-2R[13] ili IL-15 i zahteva dimerizaciju sa zajedničkim gama lancom (γc) da vi vezao IL-21.[14][15]
Kad je vezan za IL-21, IL-21 receptor dejstvuje kroz Jak/STAT put, koristeći Jak1 i Jak3 i STAT3 homodimer da aktivira svoje ciljne gene.[15]
Klinička relevantnost
Uloga u alergijama
Bilo je pokazano da IL-21R nokaut miševi izražavaju više nivoe IgE i niže nivoe IgG1 nego normalini miševi nakon antigen ekspozicije. IgE nivoi su opali nakon što je miševima data IL-21 injekcija. Ovo ima implikacije na IL-21 ulogu u kontrolisanju alergijskih reakcija zbog IgE uloge u odgovorima hipersenzitivnosti tipa 1.[16] IL-21 je testiran kao terapija za olakšanje alergijskog odgovara. Bilo je pokazano da je uspešan u umanjenju nivoa proinflamatornog citokina proizvedenih T ćelijama, kao i u umanjenju IgE nivoa na mišjim modelima za rinitis.[17] Studiaja koristeći miševe sa alergijama na kikiriki je pokazala da je IL-21 sistemski tretman efektivan u ublaženju alergijskog odgovora.[18] Ovo ima jake implikacije na IL-21 farmakološki razvoj za kontrolu lokalizovanih i sistemskih alergija.
Uloga u imunoterapiji karcinoma
IL-21 je odobren za Fazu 1 kliničkih ispitivanja metastatičkog melanoma (MM) i karcinoma renalnih ćelija (RCC) pacijenata. Bilo je pokazano da je bezbedan za administraciju sa simptomima poput gripa kao nuzpojavama. Toksičnost koja ograničava dozu uključuje nizak broj limfocita, neutrofila i trombocita, kao i hepatotoksičnost. Na osnovu kriterijuma evaluacije odgovora za čvrste tumore, 2 od 47 MM pacijenata, i 4 od 19 RCC pacijenata su pokazala potpuni ili parcijalni odgovor. Dodatno, primećen je porast perforina, granzima B, INF-γ, i CXCR3 iRNK u perifernim NK ćelijama i CD8+T ćelijama. Predloženo je da IL-21 uvećava CD8+ efektor funkcije, i tako dovodi do antitumornog odgovora. IL-21 je napredovao do Faze 2 kliničkih ispitivanja gde je bio administriran sam ili u paru sa lekovima kao što su sorafinib i rituksimab.[19]
Reference
↑ 1,01,11,2Parrish-Novak J, Dillon SR, Nelson A, Hammond A, Sprecher C, Gross JA, Johnston J, Madden K, Xu W, West J, Schrader S, Burkhead S, Heipel M, Brandt C, Kuijper JL, Kramer J, Conklin D, Presnell SR, Berry J, Shiota F, Bort S, Hambly K, Mudri S, Clegg C, Moore M, Grant FJ, Lofton-Day C, Gilbert T, Rayond F, Ching A, Yao L, Smith D, Webster P, Whitmore T, Maurer M, Kaushansky K, Holly RD, Foster D (Nov 2000). „Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function”. Nature408 (6808): 57–63. DOI:10.1038/35040504. PMID11081504.
↑Kuchen S, Robbins R, Sims GP, Sheng C, Phillips TM, Lipsky PE, Ettinger R (Oct 2007). „Essential role of IL-21 in B cell activation, expansion, and plasma cell generation during CD4+ T cell-B cell collaboration”. J Immunol179 (9): 5886–96. PMID17947662.
↑Thomas J. Kindt, Richard A. Goldsby, Barbara Anne Osborne, Janis Kuby (2006). Kuby Immunology (6 izd.). New York: W H Freeman and company. ISBN1-4292-0211-4.
↑Parrish-Novak J, Dillon SR, Nelson A, Hammond A, Sprecher C, Gross JA, Johnston J, Madden K, Xu W, West J, Schrader S, Burkhead S, Heipel M, Brandt C, Kuijper JL, Kramer J, Conklin D, Presnell SR, Berry J, Shiota F, Bort S, Hambly K, Mudri S, Clegg C, Moore M, Grant FJ, Lofton-Day C, Gilbert T, Rayond F, Ching A, Yao L, Smith D, Webster P, Whitmore T, Maurer M, Kaushansky K, Holly RD, Foster D (2000). „Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function”. Nature408 (6808): 57–63. DOI:10.1038/35040504. PMID11081504.
↑Chtanova T, Tangye SG, Newton R, Frank N, Hodge MR, Rolph MS, Mackay CR (2004). „T follicular helper cells express a distinctive transcriptional profile, reflecting their role as non-Th1/Th2 effector cells that provide help for B cells.”. J Immunol173 (1): 68–78. PMID15210760.
↑Wei L, Laurence A, Elias KM, O'Shea JJ, (2007). „IL-21 is produced by Th17 cells and drives IL-17 production in a STAT3-dependent manner.”. J Biol Chem282 (48): 34605–10. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M705100200. PMID17884812.
↑Wurster AL, Rodgers VL, Satoskar AR, Whitters MJ, Young DA, Collins M, Grusby MJ (2002). „Interleukin 21 is a T helper (Th) cell 2 cytokine that specifically inhibits the differentiation of naive Th cells into interferon gamma-producing Th1 cells.”. J Exp Med196 (7): 969–77. PMID12370258.
↑Coquet JM, Kyparissoudis K, Pellicci, DG, Besra G, Berzins, SP, Smyth, MJ, Godfrey DI (2007). „IL-21 is produced by NKT cells and modulates NKT cell activation and cytokine production.”. J Immunol178 (5): 2827–34. PMID17312126.
↑K. Ozaki, K. Kikly, D. Michalovich, P. R. Young, W. J. Leonard (2000). „Cloning of a type I cytokine receptor most related to the IL-2 receptor beta chain.”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America97 (21): 11439–11444. PMID11016959.
↑ 15,015,1Tania Habib, Shantha Senadheera, Kenneth Weinberg, Kenneth Kaushansky (2002). „The common gamma chain (γc) is a required signaling component of the IL-21 receptor and supports IL-21-induced cell proliferation via JAK3.”. Biochemistry41 (27): 8725–8731. PMID12093291.
↑Ozaki K, Spolski R, Feng CG, Qi CF, Cheng J, Sher A, Morse HC 3rd, Liu C, Schwartzberg PL, Leonard WJ. (Nov 2002). „A critical role for IL-21 in regulating immunoglobulin production.”. Science298 (5598): 1630–4. DOI:10.1126/science.1077002. PMID12446913.
↑Hiromura Y, Kishida T, Nakano H, Hama T, Imanishi J, Hisa Y, Mazda O (Nov 2007). „IL-21 administration into the nostril alleviates murine allergic rhinitis.”. Journal of Immunology179 (10): 7157–65. PMID17982108.
↑Kishida T, Hiromura Y, Shin-Ya M, Asada H, Kuriyama H, Sugai M, Shimizu A, Yokota Y, Hama T, Imanishi J, Hisa Y, Mazda O. (Dec 2007). „IL-21 induces inhibitor of differentiation 2 and leads to complete abrogation of anaphylaxis in mice.”. Journal of Immunology179 (12): 8554–61. PMID18056403.
Leonard WJ, Spolski R (2005). „Interleukin-21: a modulator of lymphoid proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation.”. Nat. Rev. Immunol.5 (9): 688–98. DOI:10.1038/nri1688. PMID16138102.
Brandt K, Singh PB, Bulfone-Paus S, Rückert R (2007). „Interleukin-21: a new modulator of immunity, infection, and cancer.”. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.18 (3-4): 223–32. DOI:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.04.003. PMID17509926.
Flores I, Casaseca T, Martinez-A C, et al. (1996). „Phosphatidic acid generation through interleukin 2 (IL-2)-induced alpha-diacylglycerol kinase activation is an essential step in IL-2-mediated lymphocyte proliferation.”. J. Biol. Chem.271 (17): 10334–40. DOI:10.1074/jbc.271.17.10334. PMID8626603.
Asao H, Okuyama C, Kumaki S, et al. (2001). „Cutting edge: the common gamma-chain is an indispensable subunit of the IL-21 receptor complex.”. J. Immunol.167 (1): 1–5. PMID11418623.
Strengell M, Sareneva T, Foster D, et al. (2002). „IL-21 up-regulates the expression of genes associated with innate immunity and Th1 response.”. J. Immunol.169 (7): 3600–5. PMID12244150.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). „Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.99 (26): 16899–903. DOI:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID12477932.
Zhang JL, Foster D, Sebald W (2003). „Human IL-21 and IL-4 bind to partially overlapping epitopes of common gamma-chain.”. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.300 (2): 291–6. DOI:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02836-X. PMID12504082.
Strengell M, Matikainen S, Sirén J, et al. (2003). „IL-21 in synergy with IL-15 or IL-18 enhances IFN-gamma production in human NK and T cells.”. J. Immunol.170 (11): 5464–9. PMID12759422.
Sivori S, Cantoni C, Parolini S, et al. (2004). „IL-21 induces both rapid maturation of human CD34+ cell precursors towards NK cells and acquisition of surface killer Ig-like receptors.”. Eur. J. Immunol.33 (12): 3439–47. DOI:10.1002/eji.200324533. PMID14635054.
Pène J, Gauchat JF, Lécart S, et al. (2004). „Cutting edge: IL-21 is a switch factor for the production of IgG1 and IgG3 by human B cells.”. J. Immunol.172 (9): 5154–7. PMID15100251.
Strengell M, Julkunen I, Matikainen S (2004). „IFN-alpha regulates IL-21 and IL-21R expression in human NK and T cells.”. J. Leukoc. Biol.76 (2): 416–22. DOI:10.1189/jlb.1003488. PMID15178704.
Zhang SQ, Chen B, Luo X, Xu CZ (2005). „[Cloning and expression of human interleukin-21 cDNA in E.coli]”. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi20 (4): 406–9. PMID15207081.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). „The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).”. Genome Res.14 (10B): 2121–7. DOI:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMID15489334.
Ozaki K, Spolski R, Ettinger R, et al. (2004). „Regulation of B cell differentiation and plasma cell generation by IL-21, a novel inducer of Blimp-1 and Bcl-6.”. J. Immunol.173 (9): 5361–71. PMID15494482.
Mehta DS, Wurster AL, Weinmann AS, Grusby MJ (2005). „NFATc2 and T-bet contribute to T-helper-cell-subset-specific regulation of IL-21 expression.”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.102 (6): 2016–21. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0409512102. PMID15684054.