Psalm 24

This article is about Psalm 24 in Hebrew (Masoretic) numbering. For Psalm 24 in Greek Septuagint or Latin Vulgate numbering, see Psalm 25.
Psalm 24
"The earth is the LORD's,
and the fulness thereof"
Psalm 24 in an anonymous French manuscript, early 14th century
Other name
  • Psalm 23
  • "Domini est terra et plenitudo eius orbis terrarum"
Textby David
LanguageHebrew (original)

Psalm 24 is the 24th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "The earth is the LORD's, and the fulness thereof". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint version of the Bible and the Latin Vulgate, this psalm is Psalm 23. In Latin, it is known as "Domini est terra et plenitudo eius orbis terrarum".[1] The psalm is marked as a Psalm of David.

The psalm is a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and Nonconformist Protestant liturgies. It has often been set to music, notably by Heinrich Schütz and Lili Boulanger. The section "Lift up your heads, O ye gates" has been associated with Advent, and paraphrased in hymns. The same dialogue, requesting the gates to open for the King of Glory, have also been associated with the feast of the Ascension, therefore Handel set it in Part II of his Messiah in the scene "Ascension", and Christoph Bernhard Verspoell wrote a related hymn, "Öffnet eure Tore", in 1810.

Background

The Ark carried into the Temple, from Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (early 15th c.)

David may have composed this psalm after buying the Temple Mount, intending for it to be sung at the dedication of the Temple by his son, Solomon. In verses 7 and 9, he instructs the gates of the Temple to open to receive God's glory at that time. The Talmud notes that when Solomon came to dedicate the Temple and bring in the Ark of the Covenant, the gates refused to open. They acceded only after Solomon prayed for them to open in the merit of his father, David.[2][3] Another possible Sitz im Leben of Psalm 24 is the situation described in 1 Chronicles 15 and 2 Samuel 6 where David brings the Ark of the Covenant from Obed-Edom's house up to the Tabernacle in Jerusalem.[4]

Text

Hebrew

The following table shows the Hebrew text[5][6] of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain).

Verse Hebrew English translation (JPS 1917)
1 לְדָוִ֗ד מִ֫זְמ֥וֹר לַֽ֭יהֹוָה הָאָ֣רֶץ וּמְלוֹאָ֑הּ תֵּ֝בֵ֗ל וְיֹ֣שְׁבֵי בָֽהּ׃‎ A Psalm of David. The earth is the LORD’S, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein.
2 כִּי־ה֭וּא עַל־יַמִּ֣ים יְסָדָ֑הּ וְעַל־נְ֝הָר֗וֹת יְכוֹנְנֶֽהָ׃‎ For He hath founded it upon the seas, and established it upon the floods.
3 מִֽי־יַעֲלֶ֥ה בְהַר־יְהֹוָ֑ה וּמִי־יָ֝ק֗וּם בִּמְק֥וֹם קׇדְשֽׁוֹ׃‎ Who shall ascend into the mountain of the LORD? And who shall stand in His holy place?
4 נְקִ֥י כַפַּ֗יִם וּֽבַר־לֵ֫בָ֥ב אֲשֶׁ֤ר ׀ לֹא־נָשָׂ֣א לַשָּׁ֣וְא נַפְשִׁ֑י וְלֹ֖א נִשְׁבַּ֣ע לְמִרְמָֽה׃‎ He that hath clean hands, and a pure heart; Who hath not taken My name in vain, and hath not sworn deceitfully.
5 יִשָּׂ֣א בְ֭רָכָה מֵאֵ֣ת יְהֹוָ֑ה וּ֝צְדָקָ֗ה מֵאֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׁעֽוֹ׃‎ He shall receive a blessing from the LORD, and righteousness from the God of his salvation.
6 זֶ֭ה דּ֣וֹר דֹּרְשָׁ֑ו מְבַקְשֵׁ֨י פָנֶ֖יךָ יַעֲקֹ֣ב סֶֽלָה׃‎ Such is the generation of them that seek after Him, that seek Thy face, even Jacob. Selah
7 שְׂא֤וּ שְׁעָרִ֨ים ׀ רָֽאשֵׁיכֶ֗ם וְֽ֭הִנָּשְׂאוּ פִּתְחֵ֣י עוֹלָ֑ם וְ֝יָב֗וֹא מֶ֣לֶךְ הַכָּבֽוֹד׃‎ Lift up your heads, O ye gates, and be ye lifted up, ye everlasting doors; that the King of glory may come in.
8 מִ֥י זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד יְ֭הֹוָה עִזּ֣וּז וְגִבּ֑וֹר יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה גִּבּ֥וֹר מִלְחָמָֽה׃‎ 'Who is the King of glory?' 'The LORD strong and mighty, The LORD mighty in battle.'
9 שְׂא֤וּ שְׁעָרִ֨ים ׀ רָֽאשֵׁיכֶ֗ם וּ֭שְׂאוּ פִּתְחֵ֣י עוֹלָ֑ם וְ֝יָבֹ֗א מֶ֣לֶךְ הַכָּבֽוֹד׃‎ Lift up your heads, O ye gates, Yea, lift them up, ye everlasting doors; That the King of glory may come in.
10 מִ֤י ה֣וּא זֶה֮ מֶ֤לֶךְ הַכָּ֫ב֥וֹד יְהֹוָ֥ה צְבָא֑וֹת ה֤וּא מֶ֖לֶךְ הַכָּב֣וֹד סֶֽלָה׃‎ 'Who then is the King of glory?' 'The LORD of hosts; He is the King of glory.' Selah

King James Version

Psalm 24 in a King James Bible
  1. The earth is the LORD's, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein.
  2. For he hath founded it upon the seas, and established it upon the floods.
  3. Who shall ascend into the hill of the LORD? or who shall stand in his holy place?
  4. He that hath clean hands, and a pure heart; who hath not lifted up his soul unto vanity, nor sworn deceitfully.
  5. He shall receive the blessing from the LORD, and righteousness from the God of his salvation.
  6. This is the generation of them that seek him, that seek thy face, O Jacob. Selah.
  7. Lift up your heads, O ye gates; and be ye lift up, ye everlasting doors; and the King of glory shall come in.
  8. Who is this King of glory? The LORD strong and mighty, the LORD mighty in battle.
  9. Lift up your heads, O ye gates; even lift them up, ye everlasting doors; and the King of glory shall come in.
  10. Who is this King of glory? The LORD of hosts, he is the King of glory. Selah.

Themes

The Midrash Tehillim notes the inversion of the first two words of this psalm compared to the preceding one, Psalm 23. Psalm 23 begins, "Mizmor LeDavid, a song of David", while this psalm begins, "LeDavid Mizmor, of David, a song". The Midrash explains that Mizmor LeDavid indicates that first David played on his harp, and then God's spirit rested upon him. LeDavid Mizmor indicates that first he was imbued with the holy spirit, and then he played.[7]

The Talmud in Berakhot 35 a-b remarks on the discrepancy between verse 1, "The world and its contents belong to God", and Psalm 115:16, "The heavens are God's, but the earth He has given to humans". It concludes that these verses express the importance of saying a blessing over food. Before one says a blessing, the food belongs to God and to consume it would be akin to stealing, but after saying the blessing, one has permission to eat it.[3]

Uses

Judaism

In the late Ashkenazi tradition, Psalm 24 is recited while the Torah scroll is being carried back to the ark on weekdays, Rosh Chodesh, and festivals.

Psalm 24 is designated as the Psalm of the Day for the first day of the week (Sunday) in both the Ashkenazi and Sephardi liturgies. It was sung by the Levites after the offering of the regular daily sacrifice (tamid).[8] This tradition continued into the diaspora, as the psalm is sung on Sundays in synagogues around the world.[9] In recent centuries, Ashkenazi Jews also recite the psalm while the Torah scroll is carried back to the ark on weekdays, Rosh Chodesh, festivals, and during the Shabbat afternoon prayer. Chasidic and Sephardic Jews recite it on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur after the evening prayer, and some Nusach Ashkenaz communities have adopted the practice as well.[10] In the Siddur Avodas Yisroel, the psalm is also said after Aleinu during the evening prayer on weeknights.[11] Some congregations recite this psalm during the hakafot on Simchat Torah.[12]

Verse 1 is said by the earth in Perek Shirah. Additionally, verses 7–8 are the first call of the rooster, and verses 9–10 are the second call of the rooster, in that ancient text.[11][13]

Verse 5 is a "companion verse" for the word yissa (Hebrew: יִשָּׂא, may He turn) in the Priestly Blessing (Numbers 6:26).[11][14]

Verses 7–10 are included in the ten verses recited during the section of Malchuyot in the Mussaf Amidah on Rosh Hashanah.[15]

Psalm 24 is also recited as a prayer for financial success and to protect from a flood.[16]

Christianity

New Testament

Verse 1 is quoted in 1 Corinthians 10:26 of the New Testament.[17]

Ascension and Advent

The dialogue of Psalm 24, verses 7–10, requesting the gates to open for the King of Glory, have been associated with the ascension of Jesus since the second century, when the Christian philosopher Justin described (in Dialog mit dem Juden Tryphon 36,4–6) a dialogue of heavenly lords who did not recognise Jesus because of his human appearance.[18] Charles Spurgeon writes, "He who, fresh from the cross and the tomb, now rides through the gates of the New Jerusalem is higher than the heavens; great and everlasting as they are, those gates of pearl are all unworthy of him before whom the heavens are not pure, and who chargeth his angels with folly. Lift up your heads, O ye gates".[19] Matthew Henry concurs, adding that the Ark being brought up to Jerusalem symbolizes Christ entering into heaven, "and the welcome given to him there".[20]

The same dialogue has also been associated with Advent.

The apocryphal Apocalypse of Peter quotes Psalm 24 when giving its version of the ascension of Jesus, directly saying that "the word of the scripture" was fulfilled and going on to tie opening the gates and seeing the face of the God of Jacob to Jesus's ascension.[21]

Liturgy of the hours

In the pre-Tridentine Divine Office of the Catholic Church, the Psalm was said on Sundays at Prime. It was reassigned to Tuesday at Prime by Pope Pius V. In the current Divine Office promulgated in 1971 (Liturgy of the Hours), with the suppression of Prime, it was reassigned to both Tuesday Week 1 Lauds, and Sunday Week 4 Office of Readings (Matins).[22]

Book of Common Prayer

In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, this psalm is appointed to be read on the morning of the fifth day of the month,[23] as well as at Evensong on Ascension Day.[24]

Musical settings

Hymns

The Protestant minister Georg Weissel paraphrased the last section of Psalm 24 as an Advent hymn, "Macht hoch die Tür" (Make the door high) in 1623.[25] It became Number 1 in the current Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch (EG),[25] and appears in most German hymnals including the Catholic Gotteslob (GL 218). Catherine Winkworth translated it as "Lift up your heads, ye mighty gates" in 1853.[26]

The title of the hymn "Come Thou Almighty King", first published in 1757,[27] is based on verse 10 of this psalm.[28]

Christoph Bernhard Verspoell wrote the 1810 hymn "Öffnet eure Tore" (Open your gates) for the Feast of the Ascension. The German text is based on the dialogue in verses 7–10, and a melody was added in a Trier hymnal of 1846.[18]

In the Free Church of Scotland's 2003 Psalter, Sing Psalms, the metrical version of Psalm 24 commences "The world and all in it are God’s, all peoples of the earth" and is set in the common metre. The recommended tunes are Nativity, Praetorius, Winchester and St. George's, Edinburgh.[29]

Vocal music

Heinrich Schütz set the psalm in German for choir as part of his setting of the Becker Psalter as SWV 121, "Die Erd und was sich auf ihr regt" (The Earth and what moves on it).[30] Andreas Hammerschmidt composed a six-part motet, "Machet die Tore weit" (Make the gates wide), setting verses 7–9.[31]

Verses 7–10 are set in Handel's his Messiah in the scene "Ascension" in 1742, in a scene called "Ascension".[32][33]

Henry Desmarest composed a grand motet, "Domini est terra" (unknown date).

Lili Boulanger set the entire psalm in French, La terre appartient à l’Eternel in 1916 for mixed choir, organ, brass ensemble, timpani and 2 harps.[34]

References

  1. ^ "Parallel Latin/English Psalter / Psalmus 23 (24)". Archived from the original on 2017-09-30. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
  2. ^ Shabbat 30a.
  3. ^ a b Abramowitz, Rabbi Jack (2018). "Sunday". Orthodox Union. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  4. ^ "Psalm 24 Commentary". ExplainingTheBook.com. 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  5. ^ "Psalms – Chapter 24". Mechon Mamre.
  6. ^ "Psalms 24 - JPS 1917". Sefaria.org.
  7. ^ "Midrash Tehillim / Psalms 24" (PDF). matsati.com. October 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  8. ^ Rosh Hashanah 31a; Mishnah Tamid 7:4.
  9. ^ Nulman 1996, p. 215.
  10. ^ It appears in Chasidic and Sephardic machzorim. It does not appear in Nusach Ashkenaz machzorim until the second half of the twentieth century, and Luach Eretz Yisrael and Ezras Torah Luach explicitly call it Nusach Sefard.
  11. ^ a b c Brauner 2013, p. 34.
  12. ^ Nulman 1996, pp. 214–215.
  13. ^ Slifkin 2002, pp. 3, 7.
  14. ^ Scherman 2003, p. 698.
  15. ^ Scherman 1985, p. 456.
  16. ^ "Protection". Daily Tehillim. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  17. ^ Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 838. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  18. ^ a b Zerfaß, Alexander. "Öffnet eure Tore". Liedporträts zum Gotteslob (in German). Diocese of Mainz. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  19. ^ Spurgeon, Charles (2018). "Psalm 24 Bible Commentary". Christianity.com. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  20. ^ Henry, Matthew (2018). "Psalms 24". Bible Study Tools. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  21. ^ Van Ruiten, Jacques (2003). "The Old Testament Quotations in the Apocalypse of Peter". In Bremmer, Jan N.; Czachesz, István (eds.). The Apocalypse of Peter. Peeters Publishers. pp. 158–173. ISBN 90-429-1375-4.
  22. ^ The main cycle of liturgical prayers takes place over four weeks.
  23. ^ Church of England, Book of Common Prayer: The Psalter as printed by John Baskerville in 1762, p. 212
  24. ^ "The Book of Common Prayer: Proper Psalms On Certain Days" (PDF). The Church of England. p. 6. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  25. ^ a b Hahn, Gerhard, ed. (2000). "1 Macht hoch die Tür". Liederkunde zum Evangelischen Gesangbuch. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 52–57. ISBN 978-3-525-50319-5.
  26. ^ Lift Up Your Heads, Ye Mighty Gates. Harvard University Press. 2007. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-674-02696-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  27. ^ "Come, Thou Almighty King". hymnary.org. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  28. ^ "Baptist Hymnal 1991 #247". hymnary.org. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  29. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2019-09-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ^ Schütz, Heinrich / Der Beckersche Psalter SWV 97a-256a Bärenreiter
  31. ^ Psalm 24: Free scores at the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
  32. ^ Stapert, Calvin (2010). Handel's Messiah: Comfort for God's People. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-8028-6587-8.
  33. ^ Block, Daniel I. (2001). "Handel's Messiah: Biblical and Theological Perspectives" (PDF). Didaskalia. 12 (2). Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  34. ^ "Lili Boulanger, Psalm 24". repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de. Retrieved 12 March 2016.

Sources

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