The Kamakã languages are a small family of extinct Macro-Jê languages of Bahía, northeastern Brazil. The attested Kamakã languages are:
Varieties
Loukotka (1968)
Below is a full list of Kamakã languages and dialects listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[1]
- Southern
- Kamakán / Ezeshio - once spoken on the Ilhéus River, De Contas River and Pardo River, Bahia state.
- Mangaló / Mongoyo / Monshoko - extinct language once spoken on the lower Pardo River near the frontier of Bahia and Minas Gerais states.
- Kutasho / Cotoxo / Catathoy - once spoken between the Pardo River and De Contas River.
- Menien / Manyã - once spoken at the sources of the Jequitinhonha River.
- Dendi - once spoken in the Serra Geral de Condeúba, frontier area between the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. (Unattested)
- Catolé - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Pardo River and Verde River. (Unattested)
- Imboré / Amboré - once spoken at the sources of the Gongogi River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
- Piripiri - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Verde River and Gorutuba River. (Unattested)
- Payaya - once spoken on the Camamu River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
- Northern
Mason (1950)
Camacán (Kamakán) varieties listed by Mason (1950):[2]
Classification
Martins (2007)
Internal classification of the Kamakã languages by Martins (2007):[3]
- Kamakã
Masakará is the most divergent language.
Ramirez (2015)
Internal classification of the Kamakã languages according to Ramirez, et al. (2015):[4]
Nikulin (2020)
Internal classification of the Kamakã languages according to Nikulin (2020):[5]
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[1]
| gloss |
Kamakan |
Mangaló |
Menien |
Kutasho |
Masacará
|
| head
|
heró |
hero |
inro |
heró |
axaró
|
| eye
|
an-kedó |
kedó |
im-gutó |
kithó |
gätxt
|
| tooth
|
txó |
dió |
yo |
dió |
thüó
|
| foot
|
wadé |
uadä |
|
hoata |
huaxtö
|
| water
|
d san |
sa |
sa |
sin |
tsyin
|
| fire
|
yakó |
diaxka |
yarú |
tiakíl |
guxá
|
| star
|
pʔiong |
péo |
pinia |
pião |
pinatsö
|
| maize
|
hikamhi |
kesho |
kshó |
kethió |
käxü
|
| jaguar
|
yakoe-dere |
yaké-deré |
kukiamú |
tiuké-hiá |
yakveo
|
| black
|
kohada |
koaxéda |
kuatá |
tá |
koeixtá
|
Proto-language
| Proto-Kamakã |
|---|
| Reconstruction of | Kamakã languages |
|---|
Reconstructed
ancestors | |
|---|
Proto-Kamakã reconstructions by Martins (2007):[3]
Portuguese gloss
(original) |
English gloss
(translated) |
Proto-Kamakã
|
| água |
water |
*tsã
|
| andar |
to walk |
*mã
|
| anta |
tapir |
*here
|
| arara |
macaw |
*tʃoke
|
| arco |
bow |
*kwã
|
| árvore |
tree |
*hi
|
| banana |
banana |
*tako
|
| beber |
to drink |
*ka
|
| beber (água) |
to drink (water) |
*tsã-ka
|
| belo |
beautiful |
*tʃoho
|
| boca |
mouth |
*eriko
|
| branco |
white |
*kVhVro
|
| cabeça |
head |
*hero
|
| cabelo |
hair |
*ke
|
| carne |
meat |
*kohoaja
|
| casa |
house |
*toa
|
| chuva |
rain |
*tsã
|
| comer |
to eat |
*jukwa
|
| dente |
tooth |
*tʃo
|
| dormir |
to sleep |
*hondõ
|
| esp. de banana |
banana sp. |
*tako
|
| estrela |
star |
*pio
|
| faca |
knife |
*ketʃa, *ketja
|
| feijão |
bean |
*kinja
|
| filha |
daughter |
*kiaxrará
|
| filha, filho |
daughter, son |
*krani
|
| filho |
son |
*ketje
|
| flecha |
arrow |
*hwaj, *waj
|
| fogo |
fire |
*tʃakɨ, *tjakɨ
|
| irmã |
sister |
*tʃakarata, *jak(a)ratã
|
| lua |
moon |
*hetʃe, *hedje
|
| macaco |
monkey |
*kaũ
|
| machado |
axe |
*kedo
|
| madeira |
wood |
*hi)-ta
|
| mandioca |
manioc |
*kajɨ
|
| mão |
hand |
*ker
|
| menino |
boy |
*kwanĩ
|
| milho |
maize |
*ketʃo
|
| milho |
maize |
*ketjo
|
| muito |
very |
*hie-hie
|
| nariz |
nose |
*niniko
|
| olho |
eye |
*keto
|
| onça (Felis onça) |
jaguar (Felis) |
*jake
|
| orelha |
ear |
*nikoka
|
| pai |
father |
*kehentã
|
| papagaio |
parrot |
*karaj
|
| pássaro |
bird |
*tʃano
|
| pequeno |
small |
*(V)ta
|
| preto, negro |
black |
*kwahda, *kwaxda
|
| quati |
coati |
*pitako
|
References
- ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- ^ a b Martins, Andérbio Márcio Silva. 2007. Revisão da Família Lingüística Kamakã Proposta por Chestmir Loukotka. MA thesis, University of Brasília.
- ^ Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
- ^ Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
- Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KAMAKÃ.[1]
