Xokleng language

Xokleng
Native toBrazil
RegionSanta Catarina
EthnicityXokleng
Native speakers
(760 cited 1998)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3xok
Glottologxokl1240
ELPXokleng

Xokleng or Laklãnõ is a Southern Jê language (Jê, Macro-Jê) spoken by the Xokleng people of Brazil. It is closely related to Kaingang.

Names

Alternate names are Socré, Chocré, Xocren, Bugre, Botocudo, Aweicoma, Cauuba, Caahans, Caagua, Caaigua.[2]

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ
Close-mid e ə o
Open-mid ɛ ɛ̃ ɔ ɔ̃
Open a ã
  • Vowel off-glides may also be present in word-final position.

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain lab.
Nasal m ~ ᵐb n ~ ⁿd ɲ ŋ ~ ᵑɡ ŋʷ ~ ᵑɡʷ
Stop p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricate t͡ʃ
Fricative v ~ w ð h
Approximant j
Lateral l
  • Nasal sounds /m, n, ŋ, ŋʷ/ are heard as prenasalized voiced-stops [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑɡ, ᵑɡʷ] when preceding oral vowel sounds and heard as nasal sounds [m, n, ŋ, ŋʷ] when preceding nasal vowels, or in nasal positions.
  • /v/ can have an allophone of [w] in free variation, and can be heard as a nasal [ɱ] when preceding a nasal vowel or consonant sound.
  • /ð/ may have an allophone of [θ] when following /k/, and as [z] in free variation in word-initial positions.
  • /j/ is heard with an allophone of [d͡ʒ] when in nasal positions, or when preceding or following other palatal sounds.
  • /l/ may be nasalized as [l̃] when in nasal positions.[3]

References

  1. ^ Xokleng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  3. ^ Gakrán, Nanblá (2015). Elementos Fundamentais da Gramática Laklanõ. Universidade Estadual de Campinas.

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