上郡為戰國時期魏國所置。
秦惠王十年（前328年），魏國獻上郡15縣與秦，為秦初三十六郡之一，郡治膚施縣（在今陕西省榆林市南）[1]。西漢、東漢時沿置，郡治未變。漢靈帝末，因羌胡大擾而遷徙，曹魏時與其他郡縣併為新興郡。隋朝時鄜城郡改名為「上郡」，唐朝以後成為歷史名詞。
據王蘧常先生的考証，秦上郡轄縣可考者有：
據《漢書》記載，漢平帝元始二年（西元2年）時，有戶103683，人口606658。領縣23：
據《後漢書》記載，漢順帝永和五年（140年），有戶5169，人口28599。領縣10：
隋大業二年（606年），改敷州為鄜城郡，大業三年（607年）改稱上郡，領中部、敷城、洛川、三川、洛交5縣。
唐武德元年（618年），改上郡為鄜州。天寶元年（742年）復置上郡。乾元元載（753年）撤郡，設綏州。至此「上郡」成為歷史名詞。
注2：地望大致相同但名稱不同的郡、國，以其最後使用的名稱為準，並括注曾用名稱。郡、國同名者，只列出最後使用的名稱。
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