涼州刺史部,是西北地区的核心区域[古 1]。始設於西漢,其行政長官為涼州刺史,屬漢代十三刺史部之一。其常寒凉也,故又稱凉州。中古时期,曾经的前凉、后凉、南凉、北凉、大凉、浑末、西夏、吐谷浑诸国建都于此,故武威郡姑臧县为六朝古都。其管轄範圍在今甘肅省及寧夏全境、青海東北部、新疆東南部及內蒙古西北大部。
西漢時,轄域約為今甘肅、寧夏、青海三省區湟水流域,陝西省定邊、吳旗、鳳縣、略陽等縣和內蒙古自治區額濟納旗,即整个内蒙西部。
人口據《漢書·地理志》記載,元始二年(2年),涼州地區總戶口有26萬6799戶,總人口107萬1325人,約佔當時全國人口的1.86%。各郡戶數、人口如下:
秦代時在隴右一帶設置了隴西、北地2郡;西漢元狩二年(前121年),漢武帝派驃騎大將軍霍去病遠征河西,擊敗匈奴,開闢了河右地,置武威郡、酒泉郡。元鼎三年(前114年)置安定郡、天水郡。元鼎六年(前111年)置張掖郡、敦煌郡。元封五年(前106年),分天下為十三州,各置一刺史,史稱「十三部刺史」。在今甘肅省置涼州刺史部,下轄隴西、天水、安定、酒泉、張掖、敦煌6郡;始元六年(前81年)置金城郡;地節三年(前67年)置武威郡;元始四年(公元4年)置西海郡。西漢末計轄9郡。
涼州地區在秦末可考縣數,計隴西郡21縣[註 1]。隨著西漢開擴河西,大量增置縣份。西漢末計轄101縣,西汉时期至少在汉宣帝时,治所已经设在姑臧县,此后虽有变化,但姑臧县是凉州刺史部的首县,西北地区的中心。
(临洮县)
新朝时期设立雍州刺史部,治所姑臧县。東漢時,轄域等同於西漢。东汉桓帝之前,州治在武威郡姑臧县。漢獻帝建安初年,分涼州河西的酒泉、張掖、敦煌、武威、張掖居延屬國5郡置雍州刺史,州治武威郡姑臧县,轄域縮小至僅存今甘肅省黃河以東、寧夏南部、内蒙西部地區。建安十八年(213年)省涼州入雍州。治所东迁隴縣(今甘肅省張家川回族自治縣境内),直到漢獻帝時,才遷治到天水郡冀縣(今甘肅省甘谷縣)。
人口據《後漢書·郡國志》記載,永和五年(140年)時,涼州地區總戶口約10.3萬戶,總人口約47萬左右,約佔當時全國人口的0.87%,與西漢時期相比,戶口減少13萬戶,人口減少60萬。各郡戶數、人口如下:
東漢時,復改雍州為涼州。增置張掖屬國、張掖居延屬國(即西海郡),并領武都郡。永和年間,計有12郡國,98縣。漢獻帝時期增置南安郡(188年置)、永陽郡(193年置)新平郡(194年置)。建安初,分涼州河西的酒泉、張掖、敦煌、武威、張掖居延屬國5郡置雍州刺史。建安十八年(213年)省涼州入雍州。
東漢初涼州轄縣數,計武威郡13縣2城、武都郡9縣、金城郡13縣、安定郡21縣、北地郡13縣、張掖郡10縣、酒泉郡9縣、敦煌郡6縣、隴西郡11縣、天水郡16縣、合計118縣。東漢初省35縣[註 9],新置鄣縣、顯親、延壽、新興、中陶、清水、罕幵、緜諸道8縣,復置富平、泥陽、弋居、廉、靈州5縣,綏彌縣改名安彌縣。东汉初期设立河西五郡为雍州,州治姑臧县,但不久取消。
東漢末,廢枹罕、白石(以上2縣屬隴西)、陰槃(以上1縣屬安定)3縣。至建安十八年(213年)廢涼州為止,合計下轄16郡、101縣。
(10)
(18)
望恆縣
略陽縣
文獻
鄣縣
史書
注2:地望大致相同但名稱不同的郡、國,以其最後使用的名稱為準,並括注曾用名稱。郡、國同名者,只列出最後使用的名稱。
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