崇禎明荷海戰(另名料羅灣海戰)發生於明朝崇禎六年六月初一(1633年7月6日)至九月二十(10月22日)荷蘭東印度公司對福建沿海進行的掠劫以及封鎖行為,在此段時間中福建沿海皆有零星掠劫及交戰行為,雙方規模最大的一次作戰為10月22日明朝與荷蘭和海盜聯軍於金門島料羅灣的作戰,明朝水師以鄭芝龍(鄭成功之父)為前鋒下擊敗荷蘭東印度公司與海盜聯軍。
尼德蘭七省聯合共和國自1602年開始在東南亞進行香料貿易,為了拓展與中國方面的貿易往來(尤其是絲織品)於1624年在澎湖建立城堡。此動作刺激到當時的明朝政府,而後明朝政府以絕對優勢的兵力包圍澎湖並與荷蘭人交涉,後荷蘭人退出澎湖。
但交涉過程中福建巡撫商周祚在交涉信中提出如果荷蘭人願意退出澎湖並前往台灣的話,福建政府願意保障福建至大員間的商業往來[1];但是實際上福建地方官員並沒有履行諾言,由於海禁令影響,命令上中國與荷蘭的公開貿易關係是被禁止的,福建政府理解此點但仍開出空頭支票以誘使荷蘭方面認同其提議。
在無法進入中國港口貿易的狀況下,荷蘭船隻如要進行中國貿易僅能停泊在漳州灣周邊,並藉由協助者將貨物運上船隻交易,在本質上為走私行為。當時荷蘭人在曾為海盜的福建把總許心素協助下從中國方面獲得不少絲織品以及其他貨物(每年以四到六萬里爾購買生絲,合三到四萬兩銀),不過此貿易模式在許心素被鄭芝龍擊敗之後荷蘭人轉而與鄭芝龍簽署類似條約,但是在合約中並沒有確定每年的供貨量,因此荷蘭方面的對中貿易完全受制於鄭芝龍的決定。
對於這種受制於中國方面的貿易狀況荷蘭方面自然有所怨言,並不斷的向鄭芝龍提出在中國港口自由貿易的提案,並協助鄭芝龍於1630年擊敗當時在東南沿海勢力最強大的海盜李魁奇以試圖換取在中國的自由貿易[2],但是在擊敗李魁奇後鄭芝龍並沒有履行約定;鄭芝龍雖然掌握當時東亞海上勢力,但官位僅為廈門游擊,因此實質上並沒有決定與其他國家的貿易權限。另外於崇禎三年(1630年)三月新任的福建巡撫鄒維璉對於鄭芝龍等人無視海禁令進行貿易也多所不滿,因此在上任後再次發布海禁令,允許有許可令的福建人民下海活動,但不允許外國人至福建貿易。在這次海禁令發布後隔年獲得前往大員許可證僅有6張,而前來的船隻更少於此數量,這種狀況使得荷蘭在台灣的貿易陷入困境。[3]
在1633年4月30日決定對中國進行掠劫行動後,巴達維亞方面於5月14日派出船隻前往大員通報即將到來的作戰,本隊集中了6艘帆船於6月2日出發,另外也集中了各地巡邏中或是順路船隻前往作戰,趁西南季風吹起的夏季中國商人會自南方各地回到中國,在此時機對這些船隻進行掠劫。作戰目的為「對中國福建沿海進行掠劫活動逼使中國政府答應其貿易需求,並在掠劫途中盡量降低中國人民傷亡」[4]。
此場戰爭中參與的荷蘭船艦[5]
除了荷蘭船艦以外,另外藉由掠劫行為取得若干艘中國帆船(戎克船),整體人員最多時達1300人[6]。
荷蘭在宣戰書中提出數項條件作為停戰要求:
料羅灣大戰後,明軍乘勝追擊,又連續與荷蘭人發生小規模海戰,直到將荷蘭趕出中國沿海為止。而鄭芝龍則死咬劉香不放,「一破之於石尾,再破之於定海,三破之於廣河,四破之於白鴿,五破之於大擔,六破之於錢澳。」最後於1635年廣東海戰,在決戰中將劉香逼得自焚溺死。[8]
1639年,荷蘭人再度派朗必即里哥率大型戰艦9艘騷擾中國沿海,數次擊敗明朝水師的小型船隊,但最終被鄭芝龍遣人攜帶盛滿火藥的竹筒泅水攻擊,艦隊被焚毀五艘而大敗,至此明朝控制了從日本到南海的全部東亞制海權。
明朝方面,此場戰役之後,原先對海禁政策採強硬態度的福建巡撫鄒維璉遭到撤職,繼任者對於海禁政策以及鄭芝龍等人無力約束採取放任態度,東南海權自此落入鄭芝龍一人掌控。1636年鄭芝龍被任命為福州都督,掌控了更大的權力,被稱為「閩海王」,凡來往於東亞地區的商人都必須花錢購買明鄭的令旗,史載:「每一舶例入三千金,歲入千萬計,並築城於安平〈今福建省泉州晉江市安海鎮〉……八閩以鄭氏為長城」。若船隻無鄭氏旗號,在東亞海面被攔截的概率超過50%,在福建沿海則100%被攔截,最後連聯合東印度公司都不得不偷偷地以日本船的名義購買令旗。但也因為鄭氏集團的勢力,中國東南沿海得以在和平的籠罩下平穩發展,海盜問題也漸漸消失。
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