明武宗南巡之爭

明武宗南巡之爭,又稱正德南巡之爭,為明朝正德十四年(1519年)農曆三月的一起政治事件。明武宗江彬的唆使之下下詔南巡,遭到明朝百官的集體反對,最終以一百余位官員受刑或貶遷,明武宗收回成命而告終。

同年六月,寧王朱宸濠叛亂,史稱“寧王之亂”。雖然佥都御史王守仁在七月底即平定叛亂,武宗仍然隱瞞戰功,而自封“镇国公”以平亂為由,于同年八月開始南巡。

背景

明武宗即位后,喜愛遊玩,寵信宦官奸臣,以劉瑾為首的“八虎”擾亂朝政。正德十年后,武宗又寵信江彬等人,朝廷大權旁落,外有蒙古达延汗侵邊,內有寧王朱宸濠意圖謀反。而武宗仍然在宣府建立行宮,并巡遊太原榆林等地,耗費大量物資。正德十四年(1519年)正月,武宗返回順天府。同年三月,即下詔準備南巡。詔書頒佈之時,朝廷內外一時譁然[1]

進諫

舒芬率眾翰林進諫

狀元及第、時任翰林院修撰舒芬率先率領翰林院編修崔桐庶吉士江暉王廷陳馬汝驥曹嘉汪應軫聯名上疏反對:

黃鞏、陸震之兵部進諫

不久,兵部職方司武選郎中黃鞏員外郎陸震隨後即聯名上疏勸阻:

員外郎陸震草擬奏疏將要勸諫,看到黃鞏的奏疏后讚歎不已,於是毀掉自己草稿,改為與黃鞏聯名疏奏。明武宗看後非常憤怒,將兩人關於詔獄,又在午門罰跪。眾人議論天子將要出行,黃鞏說:“如果天子真要出行,我必然牽著他的衣服以死相諫。”他連跪五天期滿后,仍然被關在獄中。過後二十多天,他受廷杖五十下,被貶為平民。江彬派人沿途刺殺黃鞏,因有治洪主事得知而事先將黃鞏藏起,從小道得以逃脫[4]

吏部、禮部官員進諫

隨後,吏部考功司員外郎夏良勝,與禮部主事萬潮太常寺博士陳九川聯名上疏:

大量文臣進諫

此時,群臣的大量進諫開始,吏部郎中張衍瑞等十四人、刑部郎中陸俸等五十三人的奏疏隨後呈上。之後禮部郎中姜龍等十六人、兵部郎中孫鳳等十六人等兩批奏疏又相繼呈上[6]

太醫院醫士徐鏊亦以藝術進諫:

各奏疏紛紛入宮,武宗與眾寵臣讀後紛紛大怒,遂命逮捕夏良勝萬潮陳九川黃鞏陸震徐鏊詔獄,而舒芬張衍瑞等一百零七名大臣則在午門外罰跪,長達五日。而此時,大理寺周敘等十人,行人司余廷瓚等二十人,工部主事林大輅何遵蔣山卿連名上疏紛紛呈上。

武宗大怒,命周敘、余廷瓚、林大輅等人,與夏良勝等六人一同在闕下罰跪五日,并施加刑具。到晚上,仍然押回囚禁于獄中。諸位百官早晨罰跪,日暮收監,連貫成串如同重犯,在路途看到的人無不落淚。而朝中除了大學士楊廷和戶部尚書石玠上疏論救外,沒有敢替他們說話的官員。士民感到氣憤,紛紛投石侮辱其他大臣。各大臣感到恐懼,入朝不等察看武宗臉色,就請下詔禁止言事的人,通政司於便拒絕不再接受奏疏[8]

金吾衛僉事張英血諫

當時,天空接連白天昏暗,禁菀南海子中水湧出四尺有餘,橋下七根鐵柱像斬斷一樣。金吾衛都指揮僉事張英稱:“這是變亂的徵兆,皇帝外出一定不吉利。”於是裸露上身,將刀子放於胸前,包裹數升土,手持進諫奏疏擋住皇帝車駕跪下大哭,隨即自己刺破胸膛,血流滿地。衛士奪過其刀,將他捆綁送入詔獄。問他裹土原因。他稱:“恐怕玷污了朝廷,灑土掩血罷了。”被下杖刑八十下,隨即身亡[9]

罪罰與結果

舒芬等一百零七人,在罰跪結束后,各施杖刑三十。因舒芬、張衍瑞陸俸姜龍孫鳳為首倡的官員,被降職外調,其餘官員奪半年官俸。夏良勝萬潮陳九川黃鞏陸震徐鏊周敘余廷瓚林大輅各施杖刑五十,其餘三十人施杖刑四十。黃鞏陸震夏良勝萬潮陳九川被除名,其餘官員貶黜有差別。徐鏊被罰戍邊。雖然眾人受處罰,武宗此時卻不得不收回成命,不再出遊[10][11]

這次事件中,被施杖刑而身亡的官員有:刑部主事劉校、照磨劉珏、工部主事何遵、兵部員外郎陸震、大理寺評事林公黼、行人司司副余廷瓚、行人李紹賢孟陽詹軾劉概李惠[12]。因杖刑后創傷而去世的官員有:禮部員外郎馮涇,驗封郎中王鑾,行人王瀚[13]

後續

雖然此時平息,武宗仍欲南巡。同年六月,寧王朱宸濠叛亂,史稱“寧王之亂”。雖然佥都御史王守仁在七月底即平定叛亂,武宗仍然隱瞞戰功,而自封“镇国公”身份以平亂之由,于同年八月開始南巡。武宗在返京途中,在淮安清江浦上学渔夫撒网落水患病,于正德十六年(1521年)去世。

明世宗繼位后,廢除大量武宗時期的政事弊病,此次南巡之爭的百官均恢復官職或得到升遷。

参考文献

  1. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷179):“又明年三月,帝議南巡。時寧王宸濠久蓄異謀,與近幸相結,人情惶懼。”
  2. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷179):“言官伏闕諫,忤旨被責讓。芬憂之,與吏部員外郎夏良勝、禮部主事萬潮、庶吉士汪應軫要諸曹連章入諫,眾許諾。芬遂偕編修崔桐,庶吉士江暉、王廷陳、馬汝驥、曹嘉及應軫上疏曰:「古帝王所以巡狩者,協律度,同量衡,訪遺老,問疾苦,黜陟幽明,式序在位,是以諸侯畏焉,百姓安焉。若陛下之出,不過如秦皇、漢武,侈心為樂而已,非能行巡狩之禮者也。博浪、柏谷,其禍亦可鑒矣。近者西北再巡,六師不攝,四民告病。哀痛之聲,上徹蒼昊。傳播四方,人心震動。故一聞南巡詔書,皆鳥驚獸散。而有司方以迎奉為名,征發嚴急,江、淮之間蕭然煩費。萬一不逞之徒,乘勢倡亂,為禍非細。且陛下以鎮國公自命,茍至親王國境,或據勛臣之禮以待陛下,將北向朝之乎,抑南面受其朝乎?假令循名責實,深求悖謬之端,則左右寵幸無死所矣。尚有事堪痛哭不忍言者:宗藩蓄劉氵鼻之釁,大臣懷馮道之心。以祿位為故物,以朝署為市廛,以陛下為弈棋,以革除年間為故事。特左右寵幸知術短淺,無能以此言告陛下耳。使陛下得聞此言,雖禁門之外,亦將警蹕而出,尚敢輕騎慢遊哉?」”
  3. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷189):“十四年三月,有詔南巡,鞏上疏曰: 陛下臨御以來,祖宗之綱紀法度一壞於逆瑾,再壞於佞倖,又再壞於邊帥,蓋蕩然無餘矣。天下知有權臣,不知有天子,亂本已成,禍變將起。試舉當今最急者陳之。 一,崇正學。臣聞聖人主靜,君子慎動。陛下盤遊無度,流連忘反,動亦過矣。臣願陛下高拱九重,凝神定慮,屏紛華,斥異端,遠佞人,延故老,訪忠良,可以涵養氣質,薰陶德性,而聖學維新,聖政自舉。二,通言路。言路者,國家之命脈也。古者,明王導人以言,用其言而顯其身。今則不然。臣僚言及時政者,左右匿不以聞。或事關權臣,則留中不出,而中傷以他事。使其不以言獲罪,而以他事獲罪。由是,雖有安民長策,謀國至計,無因自達。雖必亂之事,不軌之臣,陛下亦何由知。臣願廣開言路,勿罪其出位,勿責其沽名,將忠言日進,聰明日廣,亂臣賊子亦有所畏而不敢肆矣。 三,正名號。陛下無故降稱大將軍太師鎮國公,遠近傳聞,莫不驚嘆。如此,則誰為天子者?天下不以天子事陛下,而以將軍事陛下,天下皆為將軍之臣矣。今不削去諸名號,昭上下之分,則體統不正,朝廷不尊。古之天子亦有號稱獨夫,求為匹夫而不得者,竊為陛下懼焉。 四,戒遊幸。陛下始時遊戲,不出大庭,馳逐止於南內,論者猶謂不可。既而幸宣府矣,幸大同矣,幸太原、榆林矣,所至費財動眾,郡縣騷然,至使民間夫婦不相保。陛下為民父母,何忍使至此極也。近復有南巡之命。南方之民爭先挈妻子避去,流離奔踣,怨讟煩興。今江、淮大饑,父子兄弟相食。天時人事如此,陛下又重蹙之,幾何不流為盜賊也。奸雄窺伺,待時而發。變生在內,則欲歸無路;變生在外,則望救無及。陛下斯時,悔之晚矣。彼居位大臣,用事中官,親暱羣小,夫豈有毫髮愛陛下之心哉?皆欲陛下遠出,而後得以擅權自恣,乘機為利也。其不然,則亦袖手旁觀,如秦、越人不相休戚也。陛下宜翻然悔悟,下哀痛罪己之詔。罷南巡,撤宣府離宮,示不復出。發內帑以振江、淮,散邊軍以歸卒伍。雪已往之謬舉,收既失之人心。如是,則尚可為也。 五,去小人。自古未有小人用事,不亡國喪身者也。今之小人簸弄威權、貪溺富貴者,實繁有徒。至於首開邊事,以兵為戲,使陛下勞天下之力,竭四海之財,傷百姓之心者,則江彬之為也。彬,行伍庸流,兇狠傲誕,無人臣禮。臣但見其有可誅之罪,不聞其有可賞之功。今乃賜以國姓,封以伯爵,託以心腹,付以京營重寄,使其外持兵柄,內蓄逆謀,以成騎虎之勢,此必亂之道也。天下切齒怒罵,皆欲食彬之肉。陛下亦何惜一彬,不以謝天下哉! 六,建儲貳。陛下春秋漸高,前星未耀,祖宗社稷之託搖搖無所寄。方且遠事觀遊,屢犯不測,收養義子,布滿左右,獨不能豫建親賢以承大業,臣以為陛下殆倒置也。伏望上告宗廟,請命太后,旁諏大臣,擇宗室親賢者一人養於宮中,以繫四海之望,他日誕生皇子,仍俾出藩,實宗社無疆之福也。”
  4. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷189):“員外郎陸震草疏將諫,見鞏疏稱歎,因毀己稾,與鞏連署以進。帝怒甚,下二人詔獄,復跪午門。眾謂天子且出,鞏曰:「天子出,吾當牽裾死之。」跪五日,期滿,仍繫獄。越二十餘日,廷杖五十,斥為民。彬使人沿途刺鞏,有治洪主事知而匿之,間行得脫。”
  5. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷189):“方今東南之禍,不獨江、淮;西北之憂,近在輦轂。廟祀之鬯位,不可以久虛;聖母之孝養,不可以恒曠。宮壺之孕祥,尚可以早圖;機務之繁重,未可以盡委。『鎮國』之號,傳聞海內,恐生覬覦之階;邊將之屬,納於禁近,詎忘肘腋之患。巡遊不已,臣等將不知死所矣。”
  6. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷189):“時舒芬、黃鞏、陸震疏已前入。吏部郎中張衍瑞等十四人、刑部郎中陸俸等五十三人繼之,禮部郎中姜龍等十六人、兵部郎中孫鳳等十六人又繼之。”
  7. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷189):“而醫士徐鏊亦以其術諫,略言:「養身之道,猶置燭然,室閉之則堅,風暴之則淚。陛下輕萬乘,習嬉娛,躍馬操弓,捕魚玩獸。邇複不憚遠遊,冒寒暑,涉關河,饍飲不調,餚蔌無擇,誠非養生道也。況南方卑濕,尤易致病。乞念宗廟社稷之重,勿事鞍馬,勿過醉飽,喜無傷心,怒無傷肝,欲無傷腎,勞無傷脾,就密室之安,違暴風之禍。臣不勝至願。」”
  8. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷189):“諸疏既入,帝與諸幸臣皆大怒,遂下良勝、潮、九川、鞏、震、鏊詔獄,芬及衍瑞等百有七人罰跪午門外五日。而大理寺正周敘等十人,行人司副余廷瓚等二十人,工部主事林大輅、何遵、蔣山卿連名疏相繼上。帝益怒,並下詔獄。俄令敘、廷瓚、大輅等,與良勝等六人,俱跪闕下五日,加梏鋋焉。至晚,仍系獄。諸臣晨入暮出,累累若重囚,道途觀者無不泣下。而廷臣自大學士楊廷和、戶部尚書石玠疏救外,莫有言者。士民鹹憤,爭擲瓦礫詬詈之。諸大臣皆恐,入朝不待辨色,請下詔禁言事者,通政司遂格不受疏。”
  9. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷189):“是時,天連曀晝晦,禁苑南海子水湧四尺餘,橋下七鐵柱皆折如斬。金吾衛都指揮僉事張英曰:「此變征也,駕出必不利。」乃肉袒戟刃於胸,囊土數升,持諫疏當蹕道跪哭,即自刺其胸,血流滿地。衛士奪其刃,縛送詔獄。問囊土何為?曰:「恐汙帝廷,灑土掩血耳。」詔杖之八十,遂死。”
  10. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷189):“芬等百有七人,跪既畢,杖各三十。以芬、衍瑞、俸、龍、鳳為倡首,謫於外。餘奪俸半歲。良勝等六人及敘、廷瓚、大輅各杖五十,餘三十人四十。鞏、震、良勝、潮、九川除名。他貶黜有差。鏊戍邊。而車駕亦不復出矣。”
  11. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷189):“當諸曹連章迭諫,江彬怒甚。陰屬典詔獄者重其杖,以故諸臣多死。哭聲徹禁掖,帝亦為感動,竟罷南巡,諸臣之力也。”
  12. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷189):“時先遵受杖死者,刑部主事郾城劉校、照磨汲人劉珏。與遵同死杖下者,陸震而外,大理評事長樂林公黼,行人司副鄱陽餘廷瓚,行人盱眙李紹賢、澤州孟陽、玉山詹軾、安陸劉概、祥符李惠。”
  13. ^ ·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷189):“其以創死稍後者,禮部員外郎慈溪馮涇,驗封郎中吳江王鑾,行人昌黎王瀚。”

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本條目存在以下問題,請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2018年3月17日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:羅生門 (電影) — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(判定指引)。 �...

 

1980 book by Franklin W. Dixon The Apeman's Secret AuthorFranklin W. DixonCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishSeriesHardy BoysGenreDetective, mysteryPublisherWanderer Books, Grosset & DunlapPublication date1980Media typePrint (paperback)Pages184 p. (first edition paperback)ISBN0-671-95482-2 (first edition paperback)OCLC5750768LC ClassPZ7.D644 ApPreceded byThe Pentagon Spy Followed byThe Mummy Case  Children's literature portalNovels portal The Apeman's Secret ...

Pusat Penelitian Ilmu Pengetahuan dan TeknologiSerpong, Kota Tangerang SelatanBerkas:Puspiptek.jpegDibentuk1 Oktober 1976Negara IndonesiaCabang LIPIBPPTBatanKemen LHK Tipe unitPusat PenelitianBagian dariKementerian Riset dan Teknologi Republik IndonesiaLokasiGedung Technology Management Center (TMC) Nomor 120 Jl. Raya Puspiptek - Serpong - Kota Tangerang Selatan - BantenJulukanPUSPIPTEKLuas Kawasan350 HektarSitus webpuspiptek.ristekdikti.go.id Pusat Penelitian Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknol...

 

American politician (1756–1805) Uriah ForrestMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Maryland's 3rd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1793 – November 8, 1794Preceded byJohn F. MercerSucceeded byBenjamin Edwards Personal detailsBorn1756 (1756)St. Mary's County, Province of Maryland, British AmericaDiedJuly 6, 1805(1805-07-06) (aged 48–49)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeOak Hill CemeteryWashington, D.C., U.S.Political partyFederalistSpouseRebecca PlaterRe...

 

This article is part of a series aboutJohn Adams Early life Family Diplomacy Electoral history Legacy Memorials Bibliography 1st Vice President of the United States Vice Presidency 2nd President of the United States Inauguration Presidency Cabinet appointments Judicial appointments XYZ Affair Alien and Sedition Acts Fries's Rebellion Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli State of the Union Address 1797 1798 1799 1800 Publications Thoughts on Government Defense of Constitutions Vice Presidentia...

Basilika Darah SuciBasilika Minor Darah SuciBelanda: Heilig-Bloedbasiliekcode: nl is deprecated Prancis: Basilique du Saint-SangBasilika Darah SuciLokasiBrugesNegaraBelgiaDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusBasilika minorStatus fungsionalAktifGayaRomanesque-GotikPeletakan batu pertama1134[1]Selesai1157 Basilika Darah Suci (Belanda: Heilig-Bloedbasiliekcode: nl is deprecated , Prancis: Basilique du Saint-Sang) adalah sebuah gereja basilika minor Katolik yang terletak d...

 

Tender of the United States Navy For other ships with the same name, see USS Yosemite. USS Yosemite (AD-19) History United States NameUSS Yosemite NamesakeYosemite Valley BuilderTampa Shipbuilding Laid down19 January 1942 Launched16 May 1943 Sponsored byMrs. Melville W. Powers Commissioned26 March 1944 Decommissioned27 January 1994 Nickname(s)The Yo-yo FateSunk as target, 18 November 2003 General characteristics Class and typeDixie-class destroyer tender Displacement14,037 tons (lt), 17,176 t...

 

Wakil Bupati SubangPetahanaJabatan Kosongsejak 19 Desember 2023KediamanRumah DinasMasa jabatan5 tahunDibentuk1993Pejabat pertamaDrs. H. Rohimat Wakil Bupati Subang adalah politisi yang dipilih bersama Bupati Subang untuk membantu tugas Bupati dalam mengatur dan mengelola pemerintahan Kabupaten Subang, sebagai bagian dari sistem penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah di Indonesia. No Potret Wakil Bupati Mulai Jabatan Akhir Jabatan Prd. Ket. 1 Drs. H. Rohimat 20 November 1993 16 Desember 1998...

Part of a series onAfrican Americans in Omaha Historic places Notable people Neighborhood Museum Music Racial tension Timeline of racial tension Riots and civil unrest Civil Rights Movement vte The civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska, has roots that extend back until at least 1912. With a history of racial tension that starts before the founding of the city, Omaha has been the home of numerous overt efforts related to securing civil rights for African Americans since at least the 1870s....

 

坐标:43°11′38″N 71°34′21″W / 43.1938516°N 71.5723953°W / 43.1938516; -71.5723953 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2017年5月21日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:新罕布什尔州 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源...

 

Location of Vietnam The non-marine molluscs of Vietnam are a part of the molluscan fauna of Vietnam (wildlife of Vietnam). A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in Vietnam. There are good reasons to suppose that Vietnam, with a surface of 332,000 km2, a large variety of habitats, and many different limestone 'islands' that differ from each other in faunal composition,[1] will have a rich diversity of terrestrial molluscs.[2] Numerous non-marine...

List of communist parties in India Part of a series onCommunism in India Personalities M.P.T. Acharya Abani Mukherji M. N. Roy Bhagat Singh P. Krishna Pillai Puran Chand Joshi A. K. Gopalan Ajoy Ghosh Puchalapalli Sundaraiah Bhupesh Gupta B. T. Ranadive Shripad Amrit Dange S.K. Limaye Shibdas Ghosh E. M. S. Namboodiripad Charu Majumdar T. Nagi Reddy Saroj Dutta Kondapalli Seetharamaiah E. K. Nayanar Geeta Mukherjee Mohit Sen Indrajit Gupta Vinod Mishra Ganapathy Harkishan Singh Surjeet Hare K...

 

Provinsi Mikawa (三河国code: ja is deprecated , mikawa no kuni) adalah provinsi lama Jepang dengan wilayah yang sekarang menjadi bagian timur prefektur Aichi. Mikawa berbatasan dengan provinsi Owari, Mino, Shinano, dan Totomi. Daerah bagian timur prefektur Aichi sampai sekarang ini selalu disebut sebagai Mikawa. Kota-kota yang terletak di daerah Mikawa, misalnya kota Toyohashi, Okazaki, dan Toyota. Mikawa dulunya merupakan wilayah milik Tokugawa Ieyasu sebelum berhasil merebut kekuasaan d...

 

Election 1942 Wisconsin gubernatorial election ← 1940 November 3, 1942 1944 →   Nominee Orland S. Loomis Julius P. Heil William C. Sullivan Party Progressive Republican Democratic Popular vote 397,664 291,945 98,153 Percentage 49.65% 36.45% 12.25% County resultsLoomis:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%H...

American paleontologist (born 1945) For the Dutch Olympic rower, see Robert Bakker (rower). Robert T. BakkerBakker in 2008Born (1945-03-24) March 24, 1945 (age 79)Bergen County, New Jersey, United StatesAlma materYale University (B.A., 1968)[1]Harvard University (Ph.D, 1971)[1]Known forThe dinosaur renaissanceScientific careerFieldsPaleontologyInstitutionsJohns Hopkins UniversityHouston Museum of Natural ScienceDoctoral advisorJohn OstromDoctoral studentsBlaire...

 

Voce principale: Europa. Europa centraleIl Danubio a Budapest Stati  Austria  Croazia  Germania  Italia (Trentino-Alto Adige e Friuli-Venezia Giulia)  Francia (Alsazia-Lorena) Liechtenstein  Lussemburgo  Polonia  Rep. Ceca  Slovacchia  Slovenia Svizzera  Ungheria  Romania (Transilvania) Ucraina (Leopoli) Linguelingue germaniche, lingue slave (occidentali e meridionali), lingua ungherese, lingue romanze Fusi orariUTC+1...

 

Italian adult film director Axel BraunBraun in October 2010Born (1966-09-22) September 22, 1966 (age 57)[1]Milan, Italy[2]NationalityItaly USA[3]Years active1990-present[4]ChildrenRikki Braun[5]Websiteaxelbraun.com Axel Braun (born September 22, 1966) is an Italian-American adult film producer and director known for his productions of pornographic parodies.[3][1][6][7] He is the most awarded director in the hist...

American chemist Stephen LippardLippard in 2017BornStephen James Lippard (1940-10-12) October 12, 1940 (age 83)[1]Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materHaverford College (B.S.) (1962)Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph.D) (1965)AwardsWilliam H. Nichols Medal (1995)National Medal of Science (2004)Linus Pauling Award (2009)Priestley Medal (2014)Welch Award in Chemistry (2016)American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal (2017)Scientific careerFields Inor...

 

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