初期佛教,也称早期佛教(英語:Early buddhism),佛教传播的初期階段,一般指從佛陀證道傳教或佛滅後開始,到根本分裂後部派佛教形成之前的歷史階段,此時的教義與釋迦牟尼原始的教義相去不遠,被認為是最初始的佛教核心教義。初期佛教,最早見於英國學界,英國佛教學者托馬斯·威廉·里斯·戴維斯(Thomas William Rhys Davids,A.D. 1843~1922)著作了《Early Buddhism》一書。他將釋迦牟尼過世之後,一直到公元前三世纪末,阿育王在位晚期,定義為初期佛教。英國學者主要以巴利藏為最早的佛經,結合考古發現的阿育王題刻,以此來分析佛教的歷史變化。[1]現存所有佛教典籍都是第三次結集之後記載下來的,对初期佛教研究的主要對象(或依据、来源)仍然是部派佛教的三藏经典。
初期佛教,最早見於英國學界,英國佛教學者托馬斯·威廉·里斯·戴維斯(Thomas William Rhys Davids,A.D. 1843~1922)著作了《Early Buddhism》一書。他將釋迦牟尼過世之後,一直到阿育王在位晚期,定義為初期佛教。英國學者主要以巴利藏為最早的佛經,結合考古發現的阿育王題刻,以此來分析佛教的歷史變化。
早期的西方佛教研究學者,多半使用初期佛教或早期佛教(early buddhism)一詞,也有學者將釋迦牟尼在世時期劃分出來,稱為最初期佛教(the earliest Buddhism,original Buddhism)、佛陀本人的佛教(Buddhism of the Buddha himself)等術語,他們關心的重點主要在於部派何時分裂,以及在分裂前的共同佛教傳承的內容。日本學界廣泛使用原始佛教一詞,少數人採用根本佛教的說法,也有人主張應採用初期佛教的說法[5]。漢語學界中,通常採用日本學界的術語,但是加以重新定義。
^ 22.022.1Heinz. Bechert, “The Inportance of Asoka’s so-called Schism Edict”, in Indological and Buddhist Studies: Volume in Honor of Professor J. W. de Jong on his sixtieth Birthday, edited by L. Hercus, F. B. J. Kuiper, T. Rajapatirana E.R. and Skrzypczak, Delhi: 1984, pp. 64-65.
^ 23.023.1Nalinaksha Dutt, Buddhist Sects in India, Calcutta: K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1970, pp. 68-72.
^ 24.024.1J. Nattier “Mahāsaṃghika Origins: The Beginnings of Buddhist Sectarianism”, History of Religions, Vol. 16, No. 3, (1977), pp. 262-264.
^郭良鋆《佛陀和原始佛教思想》,第一章巴利語文獻概述,第二節巴利語三藏經典。佛陀和原始佛教思想/郭良鋆著.-北京:中國社會科學出版社 1997.12 ISBN 7-5004-2190-7
^Buddhist India by Thomas William Rhys Davids, LL.D., Ph.D. Professor of Pali and Buddhist Literature at University College, London 1902
Chapter 10. – Literature, Appendix to Chapter X – Chronological table of Buddhist literature from the Buddha’s time to the time of Asoka
1. The simple statements of Buddhist doctrine now found, in identical words, in paragraphs or verses recurring in all the books.
2. Episodes found, in identical words, in two or more of the existing books.
3. The Silas, the Parayana, the Octades, the Patimokkha.
4. The Digha, Majjhima, Anguttara, and Samyutta Nikayas.
5. The Sutta Nipata, the Thera- and Theri-Gathas, the Udanas, and the Khuddaka Patha.
6. The Sutta Vibhanga and the Khandakas.
7. The Jatakas and the Dhammapadas.
8. The Niddesa, the Itivuttakas, and the Patisambhida.
9. The Peta- and Vimana-Vatthus, the Apadanas, the Cariya Pitaka, and the Buddha Vamsa.
10. The Abhidhamma hooks; the last of which is the Katha Vatthu, and the earliest probably the Puggala Pannatti.
The above table represents the probable order in which the extant Buddhist documents of this period were composed. They were not yet written, and, a great deal has no doubt been lost.
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