默照禪

默照禪,日本称只管打坐(日语:しかんたざ梵語utkuṭuka-sthautkuṭuka义爲“蹲踞、打坐”,stha义爲“立、持、坚持”[1]),禪宗術語,是一種禪定修行方法,以禪坐方式進行。始於宏智正覺禪師,是曹洞宗的代表性修行法門,與臨濟宗看話禪並稱。

概論

默照禪的來源很早,源自般若學與止觀。東晉慧遠曾以照寂二字來統括禪修方法[2]僧肇作《般若無知論》,闡明般若以照寂為體[3]

至南宋時,曹洞宗宏智正覺作《默照銘》與《坐禪箴》來介紹這種禪修方法。默是指是不受自己內心以及環境的影響,讓心保持安定的狀態,而照,則是指清楚的覺知自己內心與周遭一切的變化。

道元禪師以「只管打坐」來概括這種修行方式,据他说是天童如净发明此用语。“只管打坐”是日本曹洞宗的特点之一。

批評

大慧宗杲曾批評默照禪造成學者終日只知靜坐,是在「斷佛慧命」、「墮在黑山下鬼窟裡」[4],有默無照,是邪禪。但是大慧宗杲與默照禪的主要倡導者宏智正覺禪師卻是好友。

註釋

  1. ^ 西方根据“只管打坐”的日语发音译为“ShikantazaTaigen Dan Leighton; Yi Wu. Cultivating the Empty Field: The Silent Illumination of Zen Master Hongzhi. Tuttle Publishing. 1 August 2000: 17 [2021-08-09]. ISBN 978-1-4629-1652-8. (原始内容存档于2021-08-09). 
  2. ^ 慧遠《廬山出修行方便禪經統序》:「試略而言,禪非智無以窮其寂,智非禪無以深其照。則禪智之要,照寂之謂。其相濟也,照不離寂,寂不離照。感則俱遊,應必同趣。」收入《出三藏記集》卷9。
  3. ^ 《肇論》卷1〈般若無知論〉:「內有獨鑒之明,外有萬法之實。萬法雖實,然非照不得,內外相與,以成其照功,此則聖所不能同,用也。內雖照而無知,外雖實而無相,內外寂然,相與俱無。此則聖所不能異,寂也。……用即寂,寂即用。用寂體一,同出而異名。更無無用之寂,而主於用也。是以智彌昧,照逾明。神彌靜,應逾動,豈曰明昧動靜之異哉。」
  4. ^ 第17卷. 大慧普覺禪師語錄. 大正藏. 第47冊 No.1998A. . 884c17 [2021-08-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-09) –通过CBETA 電子佛典集成. 

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