果位

果位梵語phala),或称聖果道果梵語ariya-phala[1],即修行位階,为佛教中因修行的缘故而达到的程度,是修行的結果和驗證,是證量的一種,也是出世間悉地成就的一種,屬於四法寶的教、理、行、果之一的“果”。[2]

聲聞乘和緣覺乘

聲聞乘的果位爲四向四果,“四沙門果”在《阿含經》等佛經中的定義是:

  • 須陀洹梵語स्रोतापन्न羅馬化:Srotāpanna巴利語sotāpanna),又譯為預流、入流,是佛教中最初的修行位階,為初果聖者。
  • 斯陀含梵語सकृदागामिन्羅馬化:Sakridāgāmin巴利語sakadāgāmin),意为一还果,是第二階成果成效,因此也稱為二果。
  • 阿那含梵語अनागामिन्羅馬化:Anāgāmin巴利語anāgāmin),意为「不來」或「不還」之義,聲聞第三果。謂不再來,又稱不还果。
  • 阿羅漢梵語अर्हत्羅馬化:Arhat巴利語arahant),方斷盡見思煩惱而永脫輪迴[3],也叫無學應供等。

聲聞乘中,只有阿羅漢證得無餘涅槃,故其是依照正法修行證果的“圣者”。此外,“四向”義爲修行達到「加行位(得到自我見證的量級)」,但未及「證果(得到自我實證的量級)」,正在向此「修證(自我實證)」。证得初果若不退转,必然会证得阿罗汉果;如在須陀洹果之前者爲須陀洹向,證須陀洹果、而在斯陀含果之前者爲斯陀含向,以此類推。

緣覺乘有兩種。大乘佛教認為,在無出世的年代,性好寂靜或行頭陀,因為前世聽法修行的緣故,今世沒有聽聞佛法而能獨自以因緣觀智慧,進而修行,并自悟證果,此果位即“辟支佛果”,漢譯爲“獨覺”;而在聽佛教導的情形下,能觀察思維而得道者,稱爲“緣覺”,許多聲聞乘弟子聽佛悟道,故也可叫緣覺,如緣覺阿羅漢之稱即是。

說一切有部三階位

有部提出見道修道无學道三個階位。見道等於入須陀洹修道即須陀洹至阿羅漢果向,無學道即阿羅漢果(阿羅漢又叫無學)。

菩萨乘

大乘佛教中,按天台宗判教理論,菩薩行的果位有五十二位的說法,即十信、十住、十行、十迴向、十地及等覺與妙覺[4]。其中,初信等于须陀洹果,三信等于斯陀含果,五信等于阿那含果,从七信位起便是四向四果中的阿罗汉果;妙覺佛位爲無上正等正覺佛陀,即是一般所說的成就佛果、取正覺、成佛等。

金剛乘,修行密法能證得法身佛果,但不完全同於一般顯教所言的正等正覺佛。[5]

参考文献

  1. ^ phala本意是果樹所結的果,引申爲佛教因果論中的果報,謂修行是因、證量是果。
  2. ^ 《中阿含經》復次,聖弟子諸漏已盡,心解脫、慧解脫,於現法中自知自覺,自作證成就遊,生已盡,梵行已立,所作已辦,不更受有,知如真,是時,聖弟子名盡敷開,猶三十三天晝度樹盡敷開也。
  3. ^ 雜阿含經》卷9:「耳識聲、鼻識香、舌識味、身識觸、意識法,不能妨心解脫、慧解脫,意堅住故,內修無量善解脫,觀察生滅。譬如村邑近大石山,不斷、不壞、不穿,一向厚密,假使四方風吹,不能動搖、不能穿過,彼無學者亦復如是。眼常識色,乃至意常識法,不能妨心解脫、慧解脫,意堅住故,內修無量善解脫,觀察生滅。」。
  4. ^ 《佛學大辭典》【五十二位页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)】
  5. ^ 孙悟湖, 藏傳佛教, 中国民主法制出版社, [2019-01-05], ISBN 9787516209721, (原始内容存档于2020-08-09) 

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