慧遠


净土宗十五祖
初祖
二祖
三祖
四祖
五祖
六祖
七祖
八祖
九祖
十祖
十一祖
十二祖
十三祖
十四祖
十五祖
慧遠像,源自1921年出版的《晩笑堂竹荘畫傳》。

慧遠(334年—416年),俗姓并州雁門樓煩縣(今山西寧武附近)人,東晉高僧,是中觀般若學大師,曾居廬山東林寺,人稱稱廬山慧遠東林慧遠。後世淨土宗認為,他曾在此組織蓮社,推廣唸佛往生,將其尊為淨土宗初祖,但淨土宗二祖善導師承來自曇鸞道綽一系,與慧遠無前後師承關係。

生平事跡

由儒入佛

慧遠少通儒家五經道家老莊之學,年十三曾隨舅父令狐氏遊學許(今河南許昌)、洛(今河南洛陽)。354年欲南下訪儒生范宣,值世亂道阻,聞道安法師(314年-385年)於太行恒山弘揚佛學,遂改道前往謁見,他被道安高尚的人格、淵博的學識所懾服,拜道安為師。在道安門下,聽聞般若經後,決心出家[1]

輾轉修行

358年奉道安命,前往荊州探問竺法汰疾病,而於荊州破斥道恒「心無義」見解。年二十四即登讲席,引庄子之見來说明佛教之实相义理,使迷惑者晓然领解。361年隨道安入王屋山,數年內幾經流離,於366年止於湖北襄陽,在此駐錫十二年。

建元十四年(378年)秦將苻丕攻襄陽,道安為太守朱序所拘,不能離去,遂分散徒眾各隨所之。慧遠奉道安命,至江南弘教,住荊州上明寺,時年45歲[2]

住持東林寺

庐山东林寺

慧遠辭別道安,原欲南向訪問同學慧永,以踐昔日羅浮山共住之約。因慧永棲止廬山西林寺,遂亦居止廬山。慧遠初住龍泉精舍,後慧永請江州刺史桓伊建東林寺。寺成,慧遠乃移居東林寺。慧遠内通佛理,外善群书,为当代僧众所钦敬。庐山之东林寺为当时南地佛教中心(鸠摩罗什所居之长安为当时北地佛教中心)。当时名仕谢灵运,钦敬慧远,替他在东林寺中开东西两池,遍种白莲,慧远所创之社,遂称“白莲社”,因此,后来净土宗又称“莲宗”。被後世淨土宗追尊為淨土宗初祖[3]。慧遠居東林寺直至圓寂。春秋八十有三。

組識譯經

於廬山期間,慧遠整肅僧團、聚徒講學,並組織譯經事業。曾請僧伽提婆譯出《阿毘曇心論》四卷、《三法度論》二卷;佛馱跋陀羅(覺賢,359年—429年)譯出《修行方便禪經》。慧遠均為新譯經作序。又常以书信,与鸠摩罗什往返研讨义理。昙摩流支来华时,慧遠曾遣弟子昙邕参与译出《十诵律》。

主要著作

  • 《法性論》,鳩摩羅什讀而讚嘆,可惜已佚。
  • 沙門不敬王者論》,內有五篇論文,首篇論述為何出家沙門無須禮敬國主,終篇則說明形盡神不滅之理。
  • 大乘大義章》,此為慧遠羅列佛教義理問題向鳩摩羅什大師請教、羅什作答的往返書信,經後人整理而流傳。
  • 《大智度論鈔》,此係慧遠將羅什新譯百卷《大智度論》刪節而成二十卷,並為鈔本作序。《鈔》佚失,只有序文傳世。

附記一則:慧遠曾讚賞羅什門下僧肇所作《般若無知論》,並由劉遺民執筆,就關河與廬山看法不同之處,書問僧肇,僧肇亦有回信說明。原信雖非慧遠親自所寫,然亦足以代表慧遠的論點。

知名弟子

慧遠的門徒甚多,知名僧人有:曇邕、曇恒、道昺、法淨、法領等;俗家弟子則有:劉遺民宗炳周續之雷次宗等。

淨宗初祖

後世淨土宗推崇慧遠為初祖,但他在生前並沒有提出淨土宗的名稱,未建立淨土宗理論與宗派,與二祖善導之間也沒有師承關係。

據說,慧遠曾於402年7月與劉遺民等僧俗一百二十三人,於山北般若台阿彌陀佛像前共誓往生西方,由劉遺民作誓文。後世稱為「結社」,成為淨土宗在中國的開端。相傳,慧远在庐山东林寺刘遗民雷次宗等共一百二十三人在阿弥陀佛像前發願,共期西方[4],希望由经行念佛,修行念佛三昧,而得解脫[5]

但是在隋唐的佛教文獻中,並沒有「慧遠結蓮社」的記載。慧遠結蓮社此事最早的記載,出自宋朝陳舜俞(?-1074年)《廬山記》中所引《十八高賢傳》。後南宋僧志磐編《佛祖統記》時,將《十八高賢傳》加以修定並收錄,於是成為後世流傳的版本。

南宋宗曉作《蓮社繼祖五法師傳》,依《廬山記》,首度推崇慧遠為淨土宗初祖,並建立善導、法照等五位淨土宗祖師傳承世系。志磐編《佛祖統記》繼承宗曉的六祖說,又提出了淨土七祖說。後世遂以慧遠為淨土宗初祖。

後世淨土宗所傳的慧遠故事,並非全屬史實。慧遠被推為淨土宗初祖,與法眼宗永明延壽大師被推為淨土宗六祖,與南宋之後佛教重心南遷有很深的關連。

宋朝虎溪三笑图》,画中陶渊明慧远陸修靜相聚庐山,象征三家和睦相处

也有传说慧远居廬山,“影不出山,跡不入俗”,每次送客遊履,常以虎溪為界[6]。而陶渊明道士陆修静一起访问慧远,归途中,三人谈笑风生,不知不觉跨越了虎溪,三人相视大笑[7]。这一传说成了后世《虎溪三笑图》的题材,作为儒释道三教和睦相处的象征,长传不衰。但根據元末陶宗儀南村輟耕錄》考證,陸修靜在元嘉末年至廬山,當時慧遠已過世三十年,陶淵明已過世二十年,三人會談之說恐怕只是偽託[8]

注释

  1. ^ 《高僧傳》卷六:「時沙門釋道安立寺於太行恒山弘贊像法。聲甚著聞。遠遂往歸之。一面盡敬,以為真吾師也。後聞安講波若經,豁然而悟。乃歎曰:儒道九流皆糠粃耳。便與弟慧持,投簪落彩,委命受業。」
  2. ^ 《高僧傳》卷六:「偽秦建元九年。秦將符丕寇斥襄陽。道安為朱序所拘,不能得去,乃分張徒眾各隨所之。臨路諸長德,皆被誨約,遠不蒙一言。遠乃跪曰:獨無訓勗,懼非人例。安曰:如公者,豈復相憂。遠於是與弟子數十人,南適荊州,住上明寺。」
  3. ^ 南懷瑾。《中國佛教發展史略》。
  4. ^ 梁《高僧傳》:“彭城劉遺民、豫章雷次宗、雁門周續之、新蔡畢頴之、南陽宗炳、張菜民、張季碩等,並棄世遺榮依遠遊止。遠乃於精舍無量壽像前,建齋立誓,共期西方。乃令劉遺民著其文曰:‘惟歲在攝提秋七月戊辰朔二十八日乙未。法師釋慧遠貞感幽奧宿懷特發。乃延命同志息心貞信之士百有二十三人。集於廬山之陰般若臺精舍阿彌陀像前。率以香華敬廌而誓……’”
  5. ^ 《大乘大義章》:「又《般舟經》種種設教,當念分別阿彌陀佛在於西方,過十萬佛土,彼佛以無量光明,常照十方世界。 若行如經所說,能見佛者,則有本末,非徒虛妄憶想分別而已。以人不信,不知行禪定法,作是念:未得神通,何能遠見諸佛也。是故佛以夢為喻耳。如人以夢力故,雖有遠事,能到能見。行般舟三昧菩薩亦復如是,以此定力故,遠見諸佛,不以山林等為礙也。以人信夢故,以之為喻。又夢是不然之法,無所施作,尚能如是,何況施其功用而不見也。」
  6. ^ 韩溥. 江西佛敎史. 光明日报出版社. 1995: 186. ISBN 9787800916014 (中文(简体)). 
  7. ^ 此記載最早見於宋代陳舜俞《廬山記》卷二:「慧遠法師廬山阜三十餘年,影不出山,跡不入俗。送客過虎溪,虎輒嗚號。昔陶元亮居栗里,山南陸修靜,亦有道之士。遠師嘗送此二人,與語道合,不覺過之,因相大笑。」
  8. ^ 李剑锋. 陶渊明及其诗文渊源研究. 山东大学出版社. 2005: 240. ISBN 9787560731155 (中文(简体)). 

參考資料

  • 《高僧傳·慧遠傳》慧皎
  • 《新編佛教辭典》陳兵 編著

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