Maniraptoriformes

Maniraptoriformes
Intervalo temporal:
Jurássico MédioPresente
167–0 Ma
Possível registro no Jurássico Inferior
Ornithomimidae (Struthiomimus altus)
Passer domesticus
Classificação científica e
Domínio: Eukaryota
Reino: Animalia
Filo: Chordata
Clado: Dinosauria
Clado: Saurischia
Clado: Theropoda
Clado: Neocoelurosauria
Clado: Maniraptoriformes
Holtz, 1995
Subgrupos
Sinónimos
  • Bullatosauria Holtz, 1993
  • Avepectora Paul, 2002

Maniraptoriformes é um clado de dinossauros com penas e asas pennáceas que contém os grupos Ornithomimosauria e Maniraptora.[1][2]

Evidência fóssil

Muitos fósseis foram descobertos nos últimos anos, principalmente na China. Muitos dos dinossauros com penas pertencem a este clado. Em particular, um fóssil de Alvarezsauridae Shuvuuia tem uma versão de queratina consistente com a das penas das aves.[3]

Muitos maniraptoriformes fósseis quase completos são conhecidos desde o final do Jurássico. O Archaeopteryx é conhecido na Baviera, vivendo entre 155-150 milhões de anos atrás. Ornitholestes, o troodontídeo Hesperornithoides, Coelurus fragilis e Tanycolagreus topwilsoni são todos conhecidos da Formação Morrison em Wyoming, datada de 150 milhões de anos. A biota Daohugou, incluindo Anchiornis e Epidexipteryx, é o registro mais antigo de maniraptoriformes, datando de cerca de 160 milhões de anos. Um possível maniraptoriforme, o Eshanosaurus, viveu ainda antes, durante o Jurássico Inferior, embora sua identificação seja controversa.[4] A ampla gama de fósseis no início do Cretáceo e as evidências morfológicas sugerem que os principais ramos da diferenciação maniraptoriforme foram separados antes do final do Jurássico. Até recentemente, pensava-se que os parentes do Tyrannosaurus eram maniraptoriformes,[5] mas agora isso parece improvável.[6]

História do estudo

Esqueleto de Ornithomimus, cujas sinapomorfias ajudaram a estabelecer o clado dos Maniraptoriformes

Em 1994, um estudo do paleontólogo Thomas Holtz encontrou uma estreita relação entre Ornithomimosauria e Troodontidae, e chamou este grupo de Bullatosauria. Holtz rejeitou essa hipótese em 1999, e a maioria dos paleontólogos agora considera os troodontídeos muito mais aparentados com pássaros ou dromeossaurídeos do que com ornitomimosauros, fazendo com que o nome Bullatosauria seja abandonado. O nome se referia ao esfenóide inflado (bulboso) que ambos os grupos compartilhavam. Holtz definiu o grupo como o clado contendo o ancestral comum mais recente de Troodon e Ornithomimus e todos os seus descendentes.[7] O conceito agora é considerado redundante, e o clado Bullatosauria agora é visto como sinônimo de Maniraptoriformes. Em 2002, Gregory S. Paul nomeou um clado baseado na apomorfia de Avepectora, definido para incluir todos os terópodes com uma disposição de pássaros dos ossos peitorais, onde a cintura escapular angular (coracóides) entra em contato com o esterno. De acordo com Paul, os ornitomimosauros são os membros mais básicos deste grupo.[8] Em 2010, Paul usou Avepectora para um clado menor, excluindo ornitomimossauros, compsognatídeos e alvarezsauroides.[9]

Classificação

As relações entre os celurossauros mostradas abaixo foram encontradas em uma análise filogenética de Godefroit e colegas em 2013.[10]

Maniraptoriformes

Ornithomimosauria

Maniraptora

Alvarezsauria

Therizinosauria

Pennaraptora

Oviraptorosauria

Paraves

Scansoriopterygidae

unnamed

Eosinopteryx

Eumaniraptora

Dromaeosauridae

Averaptora

Troodontidae

Avialae

Ver também

Notas

Referências

  1. Zelenitsky, D. K.; Therrien, F.; Erickson, G. M.; Debuhr, C. L.; Kobayashi, Y.; Eberth, D. A.; Hadfield, F. (2012). «Feathered Non-Avian Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins». Science. 338 (6106): 510–514. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..510Z. PMID 23112330. doi:10.1126/science.1225376 
  2. Letízio, Luiz Antonio; Bertini, Reinaldo José (2021). «ESTUDOS BIOMECÂNICOS EM MANIRAPTORIFORMES PLANADORES». UNESP. REVISTA GEOCIÊNCIAS UNESP. 40 (2). doi:10.5016/geociencias.v40i02.15468 
  3. Schweitzer, M.H.; Watt, J.A.; Avci, R.; Knapp, L.; Chiappe, L.; Norell, M.; Marshall, M. (1999). «Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti». Journal of Experimental Zoology (em inglês). 285 (2): 146–157. PMID 10440726. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990815)285:2<146::AID-JEZ7>3.0.CO;2-A 
  4. Barrett, P.M. (2009). «The affinities of the enigmatic dinosaur Eshanosaurus deguchiianus from the Early Jurassic of Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China». Palaeontology (em inglês). 52 (4): 681–688. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00887.x 
  5. Benton, Michael J. (2004) Vertebrate Palaentology Arquivado em 2008-10-19 no Wayback Machine. 3rd ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8
  6. Senter, Phil (2007). «A new look at the phylogeny of coelurosauria (dinosauria: theropoda)». Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (em inglês). 5 (4). 429 páginas. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002143 
  7. Holtz, T.R. Jr (1994). «The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae. Implications for theropod systematics». Journal of Paleontology (em inglês). 68: 1100–1117 
  8. Paul, G.S. (2002). Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801867630.
  9. Paul, G. S. (2010). The Princeton field guide to dinosaurs Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey.
  10. Godefroit, Pascal; Cau, Andrea; Hu, Dong-Yu; Escuillié, François; Wu, Wenhao; Dyke, Gareth (2013). «A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds». Nature (em inglês). 498 (7454): 359–362. Bibcode:2013Natur.498..359G. PMID 23719374. doi:10.1038/nature12168 

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