Santali language

Santali
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
The word Santali in Ol Chiki script
Native toIndia, Bangladesh, Nepal
EthnicitySantal
Native speakers
7.6 million (2011 census[1])[2]
Austroasiatic
  • Munda
    • East
      • Kherwarian
        • Santal
          • Santali
Dialects
  • Mahali (Mahili)
  • Kamari-Santali
  • Khole
  • Lohari-Santali
  • Manjhi
  • Paharia
Official status
Official language in
Language codes
ISO 639-2sat
ISO 639-3Either:
sat – Santali
mjx – Mahali
Glottologsant1410  Santali
maha1291  Mahali
States where Santali is additional official language — Jharkhand and West Bengal
Distribution map of Santali language and other Munda languages
A girl speaking Santali.
Santali books in Mayurbhanj Book Fair

Santali (Pronounced: [santaɽi], Ol Chiki: ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ, Bengali: সাঁওতালী, Odia: ସାନ୍ତାଳୀ, Devanagari: संताली), also known as Santal or Santhali, is the most widely-spoken language of the Munda subfamily of the Austroasiatic languages, related to Ho and Mundari, spoken mainly in the Indian states of Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Mizoram, Odisha, Tripura and West Bengal[5] by Santals. It is a recognised regional language of India as per the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.[6] It is spoken by around 7.6 million people in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal, making it the third most-spoken Austroasiatic language after Vietnamese and Khmer.[5]

Santali was a mainly oral language until developments were made by European missionaries to write it in Bengali, Odia and Roman scripts. Eventually, the Ol Chiki script was developed by Raghunath Murmu in 1925. Ol Chiki is alphabetic, sharing none of the syllabic properties of the other Indic scripts, and is now widely used to write Santali in India.

History

According to linguist Paul Sidwell, Munda languages probably arrived on the coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago, and spread after the Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.[7]

Until the nineteenth century, Santali had no written language and all shared knowledge was transmitted by word of mouth from generation to generation. European interest in the study of the languages of India led to the first efforts at documenting the Santali language. Bengali, Odia and Roman scripts were first used to write Santali before the 1860s by European anthropologists, folklorists and missionaries including A. R. Campbell, Lars Skrefsrud and Paul Bodding. Their efforts resulted in Santali dictionaries, versions of folk tales, and the study of the morphology, syntax and phonetic structure of the language.

The Ol Chiki script was created for Santali by Mayurbhanj poet Raghunath Murmu in 1925 and first publicised in 1939.[8]

Ol Chiki as a Santali script is widely accepted among Santal communities. Presently in West Bengal, Odisha, and Jharkhand, Ol Chiki is the official script for Santali literature & language.[9][10] However, users from Bangladesh use Bengali script instead.[dubious – discuss]

Santali was honoured in December 2013 when the University Grants Commission of India decided to introduce the language in the National Eligibility Test to allow lecturers to use the language in colleges and universities.[11]

Geographic distribution

Distribution of Santali language in the states of India[12]

  Jharkhand (44.4%)
  West Bengal (33%)
  Odisha (11.7%)
  Bihar (6.2%)
  Assam (2.9%)
  Maharashtra (1.4%)
  Chattisgarh (0.2%)
  Tripura (0.1%)
  Other states (0.1%)
District-wise distribution of Santali language. (Greater shade implies a greater percentage.)

Santali is spoken by over seven million people across India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal, with India being its native country and having the largest number of speakers.[5] According to 2011 census, India has a total of 7,368,192 Santali speakers (including 358,579 Karmali, 26,399 Mahli).[13][14] State wise distribution is Jharkhand (2.75 million), West Bengal (2.43 million), Odisha (0.86 million), Bihar (0.46 million), Assam (0.21 million) and a few thousand in each of Chhattisgarh, and in north-eastern states Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram.[15]

The highest concentrations of Santali language speakers are in Santhal Pargana division, as well as East Singhbhum and Seraikela Kharsawan districts of Jharkhand, the Jangalmahals region of West Bengal (Jhargram, Bankura and Purulia districts) and Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.

Smaller pockets of Santali language speakers are found in the northern Chota Nagpur plateau (Hazaribagh, Giridih, Ramgarh, Bokaro and Dhanbad districts), Balesore and Kendujhar districts of Odisha, and throughout western and northern West Bengal (Birbhum, Paschim Medinipur, Hooghly, Paschim Bardhaman, Purba Bardhaman, Malda, Dakshin Dinajpur, Uttar Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling districts), Banka district and Purnia division of Bihar (Araria, Katihar, Purnia and Kishanganj districts), and tea-garden regions of Assam (Kokrajhar, Sonitpur, Chirang and Udalguri districts). Outside India, the language is spoken in pockets of Rangpur and Rajshahi divisions of northern Bangladesh as well as the Morang and Jhapa districts in the Terai of Koshi Province in Nepal.[16][17]

Official status

Santali is one of India's 22 scheduled languages.[6] It is also recognised as the additional official language of the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.[18][19]

Dialects

Dialects of Santali include Kamari-Santali, Khole, Lohari-Santali, Mahali, Manjhi, Paharia.[5][20][21]

Phonology

Consonants

Santali has 21 consonants, not counting the 10 aspirated stops which occur primarily, but not exclusively, in Indo-Aryan loanwords and are given in parentheses in the table below.[22]

  Bilabial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n (ɳ)* ɲ ŋ  
Stop voiceless p (pʰ) t (tʰ) ʈ (ʈʰ) c (cʰ) k (kʰ)  
voiced b (bʱ) d (dʱ) ɖ (ɖʱ) ɟ (ɟʱ) ɡ (ɡʱ)  
Fricative   s       h
Trill/Flap   r ɽ      
Approximant w l   j    
*ɳ only appears as an allophone of /n/ before /ɖ/.

In native words, the opposition between voiceless and voiced stops is neutralised in word-final position. A typical Munda feature is that word-final stops are "checked", i. e. glottalised and unreleased.

Vowels

Santali has eight oral and six nasal vowel phonemes. With the exception of /e o/, all oral vowels have a nasalized counterpart.

  Front Central Back
High i ĩ   u ũ
Mid-high e ə ə̃ o
Mid-low ɛ ɛ̃   ɔ ɔ̃
Low   a ã  

There are numerous diphthongs.

Morphology

Santali, like all Munda languages, is a suffixing agglutinating language.

Nouns

Nouns are inflected for number and case.[23]

Number

Three numbers are distinguished: singular, dual and plural.[24]

Singular ᱥᱮᱛᱟ (seta) 'dog'
Dual ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱼᱠᱤᱱ(seta-ken) 'two dogs'
Plural ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱼᱠᱚ(seta-kɔ) 'dogs'

Case

The case suffix follows the number suffix. The following cases are distinguished:[25]

Case Marker Function
Nominative -Ø Subject and object
Genitive ᱼᱨᱮᱱ (animate)
ᱼᱟᱜ, ᱼᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ (inanimate) 		Possessor
Comitative ᱼᱴᱷᱮᱱ/ -ᱴᱷᱮᱡ Goal, place
Instrumental-Locative ᱼᱛᱮ Instrument, cause, motion
Sociative ᱼᱥᱟᱶ Association
Allative ᱼᱥᱮᱱ/ᱼᱥᱮᱡ Direction
Ablative ᱼᱠᱷᱚᱱ/ᱼᱠᱷᱚᱡ Source, origin
Locative ᱼᱨᱮ Spatio-temporal location

Transcript version:

Case Marker Function
Nominative -Ø Subject and object
Genitive -rɛn (animate)
-ak', -rɛak' (inanimate) 		Possessor
Comitative -ʈhɛn/-ʈhɛc' Goal, place
Instrumental-Locative -tɛ Instrument, cause, motion
Sociative -são Association
Allative -sɛn/-sɛc' Direction
Ablative -khɔn/-khɔc' Source, origin
Locative -rɛ Spatio-temporal location

Possession

Santali has possessive suffixes which are only used with kinship terms: 1st person -ɲ, 2nd person -m, 3rd person -t. The suffixes do not distinguish possessor number.[26]

Pronouns

The personal pronouns in Santali distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person and anaphoric and demonstrative third person.[27]

Personal pronouns
Singular Dual Plural
1st person exclusive iɲ əliɲ alɛ
inclusive alaŋ abo
2nd person am aben apɛ
3rd person Anaphoric ac' əkin ako
Demonstrative uni unkin onko

The interrogative pronouns have different forms for animate ('who?') and inanimate ('what?'), and referential ('which?') vs. non-referential.[28]

Interrogative pronouns
Animate Inanimate
Referential ɔkɔe oka
Non-referential cele cet'

The indefinite pronouns are:[29]

Indefinite pronouns
  Animate Inanimate
'any' jãheã jãhã
'some' adɔm adɔmak
'another' ɛʈak'ic' ɛʈak'ak'

The demonstratives distinguish three degrees of deixis (proximate, distal, remote) and simple ('this', 'that', etc.) and particular ('just this', 'just that') forms.[30]

Demonstratives
Simple Particular
Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate
Proximate nui noa nii niə
Distal uni ona ini inə
Remote həni hana hini hinə

Numerals

The basic cardinal numbers (transcribed into Latin script IPA)[31] are:

1 ᱢᱤᱫ mit'
2 ᱵᱟᱨ bar
3 ᱯᱮ pɛ
4 ᱯᱩᱱ pon
5 ᱢᱚᱬᱮ mɔ̃ɽɛ̃
6 ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ turui
7 ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ɛyae
8 ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ irəl
9 ᱟᱨᱮ arɛ
10 ᱜᱮᱞ gɛl
20 ᱤᱥᱤ -isi
100 ᱥᱟᱭ -sae

The numerals are used with numeral classifiers. Distributive numerals are formed by reduplicating the first consonant and vowel, e.g. babar 'two each'.

Numbers basically follow a base-10 pattern. Numbers from 11 to 19 are formed by addition, "gel" ('10') followed by the single-digit number (1 through 9). Multiples of ten are formed by multiplication: the single-digit number (2 through 9) is followed by "gel" ('10'). Some numbers are part of a base-20 number system. 20 can be "bar gel" or "isi".

ᱯᱮ

pe

(3‍

 

 

×

ᱜᱮᱞ

gel

10‍)


          

 

 

or

or

or


          

 

 

(ᱢᱤᱫ)

(mit’)

((1‍)

 

 

×

ᱤᱥᱤ

isi

20‍

 

 

+

ᱜᱮᱞ

gel

10‍)

ᱯᱮ {} ᱜᱮᱞ {
           } or {
           } (ᱢᱤᱫ) {} ᱤᱥᱤ {} ᱜᱮᱞ

pe {} gel {} or {} (mit’) {} isi {} gel

(3‍ × 10‍) {} or {} ((1‍) × 20‍ + 10‍)

30

Verbs

Verbs in Santali inflect for tense, aspect and mood, voice and the person and number of the subject and sometimes of the object.[32]

Subject markers

singular dual plural
1st person exclusive -ɲ(iɲ) -liɲ -lɛ
inclusive -laŋ -bon
2nd person -m -ben -pɛ
3rd person -e -kin -ko

Object markers

Transitive verbs with pronominal objects take infixed object markers.

singular dual plural
1st person exclusive -iɲ- -liɲ- -lɛ-
inclusive -laŋ- -bon-
2nd person -me- -ben- -pɛ-
3rd person -e- -kin- -ko-

Syntax

Santali is an SOV language, though topics can be fronted.[33]

Influence on other languages

Notable linguist Khudiram Das authored the Santali Bangla Samashabda Abhidhan (সাঁওতালি বাংলা সমশব্দ অভিধান), a book focusing on the influence of the Santali language on Bengali and providing a basis for further research on this subject. 'Bangla Santali Bhasha Samparka (বাংলা সান্তালী ভাষা-সম্পর্ক) is a collection of essays in E-book format authored by him and dedicated to linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji on the relationship between the Bengali and Santali languages.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. ^ Santali at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) Closed access icon
    Mahali at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) Closed access icon
  3. ^ "P and AR & e-Governance Dept" (PDF). wbpar.gov.in. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  4. ^ "Redirected". 19 November 2019. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d Santali at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Mahali at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  6. ^ a b "Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages". censusindia.gov.in. Census of India. 20 May 2013. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  7. ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Archived 22 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.
  8. ^ Hembram, Phatik Chandra (2002). Santhali, a Natural Language. U. Hembram. p. 165.
  9. ^ "Ol Chiki (Ol Cemet', Ol, Santali)". Scriptsource.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  10. ^ "Santali Localization". Andovar.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  11. ^ "Syllabus for UGC NET Santali, Dec 2013" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  12. ^ "C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
  13. ^ "SCHEDULED LANGUAGES IN DESCENDING ORDER OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH - 2011" (PDF). census.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  14. ^ "ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011" (PDF). census.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  15. ^ "PART-A: DISTRIBUTION OF THE 22 SCHEDULED LANGUAGES-INDIA/STATES/UNION TERRITORIES - 2011 CENSUS" (PDF). census.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  16. ^ "Santhali". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  17. ^ "Santhali becomes India's first tribal language to get own Wikipedia edition". Hindustan Times. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  18. ^ "Second language". India Today. 22 October 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  19. ^ Roy, Anirban (27 May 2011). "West Bengal to have six more languages for official use". India Today. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  20. ^ "Glottolog 3.2 – Santali". glottolog.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  21. ^ "Santali: Paharia language". Global recordings network. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  22. ^ Anderson, Gregory D.S. (2007). The Munda verb: typological perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  23. ^ Ghosh (2008), p. 32.
  24. ^ Ghosh (2008), pp. 32–33.
  25. ^ Ghosh (2008), pp. 34–38.
  26. ^ Ghosh (2008), p. 38.
  27. ^ Ghosh (2008), p. 41.
  28. ^ Ghosh (2008), p. 43.
  29. ^ Ghosh (2008), p. 44.
  30. ^ Ghosh (2008), p. 45.
  31. ^ "Santali". The Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute (Leipzig, Germany). 2001. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  32. ^ Ghosh (2008), p. 53ff..
  33. ^ Ghosh (2008), p. 74.

Works cited

  • Ghosh, Arun (2008). "Santali". In Anderson, Gregory D.S. (ed.). The Munda Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 11–98.

Further reading

  • Byomkes Chakrabarti (1992). A comparative study of Santali and Bengali. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co. ISBN 81-7074-128-9
  • Hansda, Kali Charan (2015). Fundamental of Santhal Language. Sambalpur.
  • Hembram, P. C. (2002). Santali, a natural language. New Delhi: U. Hembram.
  • Newberry, J. (2000). North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. ISBN 0-921599-68-4
  • Mitra, P. C. (1988). Santali, the base of world languages. Calcutta: Firma KLM.
  • Зограф Г. А. (1960/1990). Языки Южной Азии. М.: Наука (1-е изд., 1960).
  • Лекомцев, Ю. K. (1968). Некоторые характерные черты сантальского предложения // Языки Индии, Пакистана, Непала и Цейлона: материалы научной конференции. М: Наука, 311–321.
  • Grierson, George A. (1906). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. IV, Mundā and Dravidian languages. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
  • Maspero, Henri. (1952). Les langues mounda. Meillet A., Cohen M. (dir.), Les langues du monde, P.: CNRS.
  • Neukom, Lukas. (2001). Santali. München: LINCOM Europa.
  • Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. (1966). A comparative study of the verb in the Munda languages. Zide, Norman H. (ed.) Studies in comparative Austroasiatic linguistics. London—The Hague—Paris: Mouton, 96–193.
  • Sakuntala De. (2011). Santali : a linguistic study. Memoir (Anthropological Survey of India). Kolkata: Anthropological Survey of India, Govt. of India.
  • Vermeer, Hans J. (1969). Untersuchungen zum Bau zentral-süd-asiatischer Sprachen (ein Beitrag zur Sprachbundfrage). Heidelberg: J. Groos.
  • 2006-d. Santali. In E. K. Brown (ed.) Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier Press.

Dictionaries

Grammars and primers

  • Bodding, Paul O. 1929/1952. A Santal Grammar for the Beginners, Benagaria: Santal Mission of the Northern Churches (1st edition, 1929).
  • Cole, F. T. (1896). Santạli primer. Manbhum: Santal Mission Press.
  • Macphail, R. M. (1953) An Introduction to Santali. Firma KLM Private Ltd.
  • Muscat, George. (1989) Santali: A New Approach. Sahibganj, Bihar : Santali Book Depot.
  • Skrefsrud, Lars Olsen (1873). A Grammar of the Santhal Language. Benares: Medical Hall Press.
  • Saren, Jagneswar "Ranakap Santali Ronor" (Progressive Santali Grammar), 1st edition, 2012.

Literature

  • Pandit Raghunath Murmu (1925) ronor : Mayurbhanj, Odisha Publisher ASECA, Mayurbhanj
  • Bodding, Paul O., (ed.) (1923–1929) Santali Folk Tales. Oslo: Institutet for sammenlingenden kulturforskning, Publikationen. Vol. I—III.
  • Campbell, A. (1891). Santal folk tales. Pokhuria, India: Santal Mission Press.
  • Murmu, G., & Das, A. K. (1998). Bibliography, Santali literature. Calcutta: Biswajnan. ISBN 81-7525-080-1
  • Santali Genesis Translation.
  • The Dishom Beura, India's First Santali Daily News Paper. Publisher, Managobinda Beshra, National Correspondent: Mr. Somenath Patnaik
Santali edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mahali test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

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Lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily detailing extraordinary and heroic deeds For other uses of epic, see Epic (disambiguation). A tablet containing a fragment of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Literature Oral literature Folklore fable fairy tale folk play folksong heroic epic legend myth proverb Oration Performance audiobook spoken word Saying Major written forms Drama closet drama Poetry lyric narrative Prose Nonsense verse Ergodic Electronic Long prose fiction Anthology Serial Novel/romance Short pr...

 

 

哈萨克斯坦总统

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

Florida Senate Majority Office

Florida Senate Majority Office2022-24 Florida LegislatureLeadershipPresidentKathleen Passidomo (R) since November 22, 2022 President Pro TemporeDennis Baxley (R) since November 22, 2022 Majority LeaderBen Albritton (R) since November 14, 2022 StructureLength of term4 yearsMottoIn God We TrustMeeting placeSenate ChamberFlorida CapitolTallahassee, FloridaWebsiteFlorida Senate Majority Office The Florida Senate Majority Office is the political extension of the Florida Senate preside...

 

 

Wildlife of Senegal

Flora and fauna of Senegal Banded mongoose The wildlife of Senegal consists of the flora and fauna of this nation in West Africa. Senegal has a long Atlantic coastline and a range of habitat types, with a corresponding diversity of plants and animals. Senegal has 188 species of mammals and 674 species of bird. Geography Senegal is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south. It has a long internal border with ...

 

 

Non-possession

Philosophy that holds that no one or anything possesses anything This article is about the South Asian religious concept. For the Russian Orthodox 16th-century movement, see non-possessors. Non-possession (Sanskrit: अपरिग्रह, aparigraha) is a religious tenet followed in Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain traditions in South Asia. In Jainism, aparigraha is the virtue of non-possessiveness, non-grasping, or non-greediness.[1] Aparigrah is the opposite of parigrah. It means keepin...

Liévin

Liévincomune (dettagli) Liévin – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia RegioneAlta Francia Dipartimento Passo di Calais ArrondissementLens CantoneLiévin TerritorioCoordinate50°25′N 2°46′E50°25′N, 2°46′E (Liévin) Altitudine32-80 m s.l.m. Superficie12,83 km² Abitanti30 149 (1-1-2021) Densità2 349,88 ab./km² Altre informazioniCod. postale62800 Fuso orarioUTC+1 Codice INSEE62510 CartografiaLiévin Sito istituzionaleModifica dati su Wikidata...

 

 

Sacramento de la penitencia

Confesión en una ilustración de Wenceslas Hollar de las Confesiones de Augsburgo. El sacramento de la penitencia, también conocido como sacramento de la confesión, es uno de los siete sacramentos de las Iglesias católica, ortodoxa y copta. La fe católica considera que se trata de un sacramento de curación instituido por Jesucristo, y que quienes se acerquen a él con las debidas disposiciones de conversión, arrepentimiento y reparación reciben el perdón de Dios por sus pecados comet...

 

 

Rudolf Fueter

Swiss mathematician Rudolf FueterRudolf Fueter (2nd from right) at the International Congress of Mathematicians, Zürich 1932Born(1880-06-30)30 June 1880Basel, SwitzerlandDied9 August 1950(1950-08-09) (aged 70)Brunnen, SwitzerlandNationalitySwissAlma materUniversity of GöttingenScientific careerFieldsMathematicsInstitutionsUniversity of ZurichDoctoral advisorDavid HilbertDoctoral studentsMax GutVerena Haefeli-HuberAlexander Weinstein Karl Rudolf Fueter (30 June 1880 – 9 August 1...

Pellegrino Tibaldi

Adorazione del Bambino, 1548, Galleria Borghese (Roma) Pellegrino Pellegrini, detto il Tibaldi (Puria, 1527 – Milano, 1596), è stato un architetto e pittore italiano. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Opere 3 Filmografia 4 Note 5 Bibliografia 6 Altri progetti 7 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Uno degli affreschi di Palazzo Poggi Compie a Bologna la propria formazione culturale, sia come pittore, alla scuola del Bagnacavallo, sia come architetto, in un ambiente che risente delle novità portate al nord d...

 

 

Thomas Cornell (politician)

American politician This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Thomas C. CornellMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom New YorkIn officeMarch 4, 1881 – March 3, 1883Preceded byWilliam LounsberySucceeded byJohn H. Bagley Jr.Constituency15th districtIn officeMarch 4, ...