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Person	Koḍavanï
People	Koḍavarï
Language	Koḍava takkï
Country	Koḍagï

Kodava
Kodava
Coorg, Kodagu
ಕೊಡವ ತಕ್ಕ್ கூடகு எழுத்து Koḍava takkï
Pronunciation	[koɖɐʋɐ t̪ɐkːɨ]
Native to	India
Region	Kodagu
Ethnicity	Kodava
Native speakers	113,857 (2011 census)
Language family	Dravidian South Dravidian South Dravidian I Tamil–Kannada Tamil–Kota Tamil–Toda Tamil–Irula Tamil–Kodava–Urali Kodava; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Muthanna script, Kannada script, Coorgi-Cox alphabet, Tamil script, Malayalam script, Thirke script (archaic)
Official status
Regulated by	Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kfa
Glottolog	koda1255
ELP	Kodagu
	Kodava is classified as Definitively Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The Kodava (Kodava: [koɖɐʋɐ]) (Koḍava takkï, Kodava: [koɖɐʋɐ t̪ɐkːɨ], meaning 'speech of Kodavas', in the Kodava language, alternate name: Codava, Coorgi, Kodagu) is a Dravidian language spoken in Kodagu district (Coorg) in Southern Karnataka, India.^[4] It is an endangered language.^[5] The term Kodava has two related usages. Firstly, it is the name of the Kodava language and culture followed by a number of communities from Kodagu. Secondly, within the Kodava-speaking communities and region (Kodagu), it is a demonym for the dominant Kodava people. Hence, the Kodava language is not only the primary language of the Kodavas but also of many other castes and tribes in Kodagu. The language has two dialects: Mendele (spoken in Northern and Central Kodagu, i.e. outside Kodagu's Kiggat naadu) and Kiggat (spoken in Kiggat naadu, in Southern Kodagu).

Historically, it has been referred to as a dialect of Sentamizh (Pure Tamil), in some Tamil texts the Kodagu language is referred to as Kudakan Tamil.^[6] However, it has been re-analysed as a language by early 20th century academics. Now it is considered as an intermediate language between Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Tulu in comparative linguistics.^[6]

It is traditionally written using the thirke script which is an abugida.^[7]^[8] The 2011 Census of India reports 96,918 persons who returned Kodava as their mother tongue and 16,939 who returned Coorgi/Kodagu, for a total of 113,857 persons coming under the parent group which is again identified as Coorgi/Kodagu (another name for Kodava) as the mother tongue.^[9]

History

In Kannada, the region was called Kodagu and the people Kodaga. Natively, the people were called Kodava and the land was called Kodavu in the folksongs. Comparative Dravidian studies show that the Kodava language belongs to the South Dravidian language group.^[10]^[11]

Grammar

The grammar of Kodagu has been systematically studied and documented since at least around 1867 when Captain R.A. Cole published the seminal work An Elementary Grammar of the Coorg Language.^[12]

Phonology

Vowels

Dravidian vowel systems contain five vowel qualities i.e. those usually corresponding to a, e, i, o and u., with a short and long variants for each. However, Kodava has two more: the mid and high (close) back unrounded vowels, with corresponding long variants.^[13]

Vowels^[14]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Close-mid	e	ə	o
Open		a

Consonants

Consonants^[14]
		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n̪		ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t̪		ʈ	c	k
Plosive	voiced	b	d̪		ɖ	ɟ	g
Fricative				s	ʂ	ʃ		h
Approximant		ʋ		l	ɭ	j
Trill				r

Kodava and Kannada share a lack of palatalization of word-initial *k-, which is a feature found in the Tamil-Malayalam branch.^[15]

Writing system

The Kodava (Kodagu) language was popularly written in the Kannada script.^[4] Dr. IM Muthanna, developed a script to Kodava Thakk in 1971, and as of 2022, Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy, a government body for the development of Kodava Language, accepted the script developed by Dr IM Muthanna as the official script of Kodava Language. It is also widely used across Kodagu, Although around 7 scripts were developed over a period from 1889 to 2008, Only Dr. IM Muthanna's script is considered as the most acceptable script for Kodava Language.

The Coorgi is an alphabet developed by the linguist Gregg M. Cox^[16] that is used by a number of individuals within Kodagu district of India to write the endangered Dravidian language of Kodava, also known sometimes as Coorgi.^[17]

The script uses a combination of 26 consonant letters, eight vowel letters and a diphthong marker. Each letter represents a single sound and there are no capital letters.^[16] A computer-based font has been created.^[18] The script was developed out of the request by a group of Kodava individuals to have a distinct script for Kodava Takk, to distinguish the language. Kodava Takk is generally written in the Kannada script, but can also be found written in the Malayalam script, especially along the borders with Kerala. The new script is intended as a unified writing system for all Kodava Takk speakers.^[19]

Recently an old Kodava script from the 14th century was discovered, it is now called the Thirke script.^[20]

Various other scripts were made by Kodava writers like Iychettira M Muthanna, Koravanda Appayya, Appaneravanda Kiran Subbaiah.^[21]

Comparisons

Linguistically, Kodava/Kodagu language belongs to the South Dravidian subfamily of the Dravidian family. Further within the South Dravidian subfamily, it belongs to the subgroup Tamil-Malayalam-Kodagu-Kota-Toda.^[22] It is closely related to and influenced by Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Tulu. A majority of the words are common between Kodava and Beary bashe, a dialect which is a mixture of Tulu and Malayalam spoken by the Beary Muslims and Kodava Thiyyar communities. Kodava is also closely related to the Kasaragod and Kannur dialects of Malayalam, which are in turn related to Beary.

Literature

Family histories, rituals and other records were scripted on palm leaves called Pattole (patt=palm, ole=leaf) by astrologers in the ancient times. When Kodava was written, it was usually with Kannada script, sometimes with minor modifications. The folk songs of the Kodavas, called the Palame (also known as the Balo Patt or Dudi Patt), were orally transmitted across several generations. The language had no significant written literature until the twentieth century. Appachcha Kavi, a playwright, and Nadikerianda Chinnappa, a folk compiler, are the two important poets and writers of the Kodava language. Other important writers in the language were B D Ganapathy and I M Muthanna. In 2005, after requests from the Kodagu community, German linguist Gerard Cox created a script unique to Kodava called the Coorgi-Cox script. It uses straight lines for 5 vowels, and has circles for diphthongs.^[23]

The Pattole Palame, a collection of Kodava folksongs and traditions compiled in the early 1900s by Nadikerianda Chinnappa, was first published in 1924. The most important Kodava literature, it is said to be one of the earliest, if not the earliest, collection of folklore of a community in an Indian language. Nearly two-thirds of the book consists of folksongs that were handed down orally through generations, sung even today during marriage and death ceremonies and during festivals relating to the seasons and in honour of local deities and heroes. Traditionally known as Balo Pat, these songs are sung by four men who beat dudis (drums) as they sing. Kodava folk dances are performed to the beat of many of these songs. The Pattole Palame was written using the Kannada script originally; it has been translated into English by Boverianda Nanjamma and Chinnappa, grandchildren of Nadikerianda Chinnappa, and has been published by Rupa & Co., New Delhi.^[24]

Cinema

The Kodava Cinema industry is very small. A few movies portraying the native culture and traditions of the Kodavas have been produced in this language. The first Kodava film 'Nada Mann Nada Kool' was directed by S.R.Rajan and produced in the year 1972.

Kodava words

Kodava	Kannada	Tamil	Malayalam	Tulu	English
Moodi	Hudugi	Peṇ/Peḍai/Ponnŭ	Penkutti	Ponnu	Girl
Kinha	Huduga	Aan/Peḍiyan/Paiyan/Chiruvan	Aankutti	Aan/Kinni	Boy
Po(Singular); Poyi(Plural)	Hogu	Pō(y)	Poyko	Poyi	Go
Kanni	Saaru/ganji	Kañji/Kūṭṭŭ/Chārŭ	Chaar	Kajipu	Stew (lentils, vegetables, etc.)
Koole	Anna/Kool	Chōr/Kūḻ	Chor	Nuppu	Cooked Rice
Id	Idu	Iḍŭ/Vai	Ide	Dee	Put
Thimbak	Tinnakke	Thinnŭ/Uṇṇŭ/Sāppiḍŭ	Tinnuka/Kazhikkuka	Thinere	To Eat
kuLi	snana	kuLi	kuLi	Meela	To Bath
Unda?	Unta/ideya?	Uṇḍā?/Irukkuthā?	Undo?	Unda?	Is There?
Bappi	Bartini	Var(uk)iṟēn/Varuvēn	Varam	Barpe	I will Come (Farewell Greeting)
Ulla-	iddene/ulle	irukkiṟēn/uḷḷēn	Ulle	Ulle	Am There
Bandand Ulla-	Baruta iddene	Var(uk)iṟēn	Varunnund	Barond ulle	Am coming
Yenene Ulliya?	Hege iddiya?	Eppaḍi/Enneṇdŭ (uḷḷ-/irukkiṟ-)(-ai/-āi/-īrgaḷ)	Engane und?	Encha ulla/ya?	How are you?
Māṅge	Maavu	Māṅgā(y)/Māmpaḻam	Māṅga/Māmpaḻam	Mudi/Kukku	Mango
Kaḷḷa	Kaḷla	Kaḷḷan/Kaḷvan/Thiruḍan	Kaḷḷan	Kalva	Thief
Suroole /Minyathele	Modalu/Suroonalli	Mudal(il)	Adyam	Suru	First
Karay Paambu	Kere Haavu	Chārai Pāmbŭ	Chēra Pamb	Keri	Rat Snake
Mūle	Mūle	Mūlai	Mūla	Mudye/mūle	Corner
Āme	Āme	Āmai	Āma	Eme	Tortoise
Bēli	Bēli	Vēli	Vēli	Bēli	Fence
Bitth/Kuru	Beeja/bitha	Vitthŭ/Vithai	Vitth/Kuru	Bitth	Seed
Bādege	Bādige	Vādakai	Vādaka	Badige	Rent
Chaththe	Sante	Chanthai	Chantha	Santhe	Market
Ēni	Ēni	Ēṇi	Ēṇi	Ēni	Ladder
Pulunja Puḷi	Hunase Huli	PuLi	PuLi	Punke puli	Tamarind
Gaali/Kaath	Gaali	Kāṟṟŭ/Kāththŭ	Kaatt	Gaali	Wind
Thaari	Kodu/tha	Tharŭ/Koḍŭ	Tharu	Koru	give
Kaapi	Kaapi	Kaapi	Kaapi	Kaapi	Coffee
Paaduva-	Haadu	Paadŭ	Paaduka	Pada paad	to sing

Words for family members

Mother	Avva-
Father	Appa-
Grandfather	Ajja-
Grandmother	Ajjava- Thaayi
Maternal Uncle / Paternal Aunt's husband	Thammaava- / Maava-
Maternal Uncle's wife / Paternal Aunt	Maavi / Thammaavi
Eldest Paternal Uncle / Eldest Maternal Aunt's husband	Baliappa-
Eldest Paternal Uncle's wife / Eldest Maternal Aunt	Baliavva-
Elder Paternal Uncle / Elder Maternal Aunt's husband	Bojappa-
Elder Paternal Uncle's wife / Elder Maternal Aunt	Bojavva-
Younger Paternal Uncle / Younger Maternal Aunt's husband	Kunjappa-
Younger Paternal Uncle's wife/ Younger Maternal Aunt	Kunjavva-
Youngest Paternal Uncle / Youngest Maternal Aunt's husband	Cheriappa-
Youngest Paternal Uncle's wife/ Youngest Maternal Aunt	Cheriavva-
Father-in-law	Maava-
Mother-in-law	Maavi
brother-in-law (elder) / cross-cousin (elder, brother) / lineal cousin (elder, sister)'s husband	Baava-
sister-in-law (elder)/ cross-cousin (elder, sister) / lineal-cousin (elder, brother)'s wife	Mamma-
brother (elder) / lineal cousin (elder brother) / cross-cousin (elder, sister)'s husband	Anna- / Annaiah
sister (elder) / lineal-cousin (elder, sister) / cross-cousin (elder, brother)'s wife	Akko / Akkaiah
brother (younger)	Thammanna-
sister (younger)	Thange
Wife	Ponne
Husband	Wadiyye
Son	Momva-
Daughter	Mova

Recent developments

Since 2021, the Mangalore University teaches an MA degree in the Kodava language.^[25]

References

^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
^ "Discovering alphabets of old Kodava script". 24 January 2022.
^ "Kodava in India | UNESCO WAL".
^ ^a ^b "Dravidian languages - Nonliterary, South India, Tamil | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Britannica. 5 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
^ "Five Languages in Karnataka, Including Tulu Vanishing: Unesco". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ ^a ^b Thurston, Edgar (16 June 2011). The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-60068-3.
^ Kushalappa, Mookonda (24 January 2022). "Discovering alphabets of old Kodava script". Star of Mysore. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ Kushalappa, Mookonda (4 February 2022). "The discovery of an old alphabet". Deccan Herald. Mysore Printers. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ "Census of India 2011" (PDF). Census of India : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
^ Rajyashree, K S. "Language in India: Kodava speech community - an ethnolinguistic study". www.languageinindia.com. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
^ "KODAVA THAKK , AN INDEPENDENT LANGUAGE , NOT A DIALECT – Kodavas". Kodavas.in. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
^ "Coorg Grammar". 11 August 1867 – via Internet Archive.
^ Emeneau, M. B. (1970). "Koḍagu Vowels". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 90 (1): 145–158. doi:10.2307/598436. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 598436.
^ ^a ^b Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003), p. 64.
^ Emeneau, M. B. (1967). "The South Dravidian Languages". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 87 (4): 365–413. doi:10.2307/597585. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 597585.
^ ^a ^b Pandey, Anshuman (22 June 2012). Introducing the Coorgi-Cox Alphabet (PDF) (Report).
^ "Debate on Kodava script continues". The Hindu. 12 March 2006. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
^ The Coorgi-Cox handbook, Feb. 2005. ^{[full citation needed]}
^ Gregg Cox, April 2005. ^{[full citation needed]}
^ "Discovering alphabets of old Kodava script". 24 January 2022.
^ "I M Muthanna | Kodagu First". 11 May 2023.
^ Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003), p. 21.
^ Merritt, Anne (1 April 2015). "Easiest written languages for English speakers". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^ "Official Website of Kodava Community". Kodava.org. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
^ "Mangalore University to offer MA in Kodava language". Deccan Herald. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

Bibliography

Cole, R A (1867). An Elementary Grammar of the Coorg Language. Bangalore: Wesleyan Mission Press. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77111-0.

External links

[1] "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 5 July 2018.

[2] "Discovering alphabets of old Kodava script". 24 January 2022.

[3] "Kodava in India | UNESCO WAL".

[Britannica_Nonliterary-4] "Dravidian languages - Nonliterary, South India, Tamil | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Britannica. 5 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.

[5] "Five Languages in Karnataka, Including Tulu Vanishing: Unesco". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 18 September 2020.

[Coorgi-6] Thurston, Edgar (16 June 2011). The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-60068-3.

[Script-7] Kushalappa, Mookonda (24 January 2022). "Discovering alphabets of old Kodava script". Star of Mysore. Retrieved 13 December 2022.

[DH_Script-8] Kushalappa, Mookonda (4 February 2022). "The discovery of an old alphabet". Deccan Herald. Mysore Printers. Retrieved 13 December 2022.

[9] "Census of India 2011" (PDF). Census of India : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 24 January 2020.

[10] Rajyashree, K S. "Language in India: Kodava speech community - an ethnolinguistic study". www.languageinindia.com. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

[11] "KODAVA THAKK , AN INDEPENDENT LANGUAGE , NOT A DIALECT – Kodavas". Kodavas.in. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

[12] "Coorg Grammar". 11 August 1867 – via Internet Archive.

[13] Emeneau, M. B. (1970). "Koḍagu Vowels". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 90 (1): 145–158. doi:10.2307/598436. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 598436.

[FOOTNOTEBhadriraju_Krishnamurti200364-14] Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003), p. 64.

[15] Emeneau, M. B. (1967). "The South Dravidian Languages". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 87 (4): 365–413. doi:10.2307/597585. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 597585.

[unicode-16] Pandey, Anshuman (22 June 2012). Introducing the Coorgi-Cox Alphabet (PDF) (Report).

[17] "Debate on Kodava script continues". The Hindu. 12 March 2006. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2011.

[18] The Coorgi-Cox handbook, Feb. 2005. ^{[full citation needed]}

[19] Gregg Cox, April 2005. ^{[full citation needed]}

[20] "Discovering alphabets of old Kodava script". 24 January 2022.

[21] "I M Muthanna | Kodagu First". 11 May 2023.

[FOOTNOTEBhadriraju_Krishnamurti200321-22] Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003), p. 21.

[23] Merritt, Anne (1 April 2015). "Easiest written languages for English speakers". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 14 October 2017.

[24] "Official Website of Kodava Community". Kodava.org. Retrieved 1 June 2012.

[25] "Mangalore University to offer MA in Kodava language". Deccan Herald. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Kodava language

History

Grammar

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Writing system

Comparisons

Literature

Cinema

Kodava words

Words for family members

Recent developments

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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