The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced /juːˈnɛskoʊ/)[1][a] is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.[2][3] It has 194 member states and 12 associate members,[4] as well as partners in the non-governmental, intergovernmental and private sector.[5] Headquartered in Paris, France, UNESCO has 53 regional field offices[6] and 199 national commissions.[7][8]
UNESCO was founded in 1945 as the successor to the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.[9] UNESCO's founding mission, which was shaped by the events of World War II, is to advance peace, sustainable development and human rights by facilitating collaboration and dialogue among nations.[10] It pursues this objective through five major programme areas: education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and communication/information. UNESCO sponsors projects that improve literacy, provide technical training and education, advance science, protect independent media and press freedom, preserve regional and cultural history, and promote cultural diversity.[11][12][13] The organization prominently helps establish and secure World Heritage Sites of cultural and natural importance.[14]
UNESCO is governed by the General Conference composed of member states and associate members, which meets biannually to set the agency's programs and budget. It also elects members of the executive board, which manages UNESCO's work, and appoints every four years a Director-General, who serves as UNESCO's chief administrator.
UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study the feasibility of having nations freely share cultural, educational and scientific achievements.[15][16] This new body, the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), was created in 1922[17] and counted such figures as Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Robert A. Millikan, and Gonzague de Reynold among its members (being thus a small commission of the League of Nations essentially centred on Western Europe[18]). The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created in Paris in September 1924, to act as the executing agency for the ICIC.[19] However, the onset of World War II largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations.[20] As for private initiatives, the International Bureau of Education (IBE) began to work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development since December 1925[21] and joined UNESCO in 1969, after having established a joint commission in 1952.[22]
After the signing of the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations, the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the United States and the USSR. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), held in San Francisco from April to June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London from 1 to 16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by Rab Butler, the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom, who had a great deal of influence in its development.[23] At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established.[24] The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946 — the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.[25]
The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Julian Huxley to Director-General.[26] United States Army colonel, university president and civil rights advocate Blake R. Van Leer joined as a member as well.[27] The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the executive board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity.[28] This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the ICIC, in how member states would work together in the organization's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization's operations in particular during the Cold War, the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[29][30]
Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential statements on race starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was Claude Lévi-Strauss) and other scientists in 1950 and concluding with the 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice.[31]
In 1955, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization's publications amounted to "interference" in the country's "racial problems".[32] It rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela.[33][34]
One of the early work of UNESCO in the education field was a pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, which was launched in 1947. Following this project one of expert missions to other countries, included a 1949 mission to Afghanistan.[35] UNESCO recommended in 1948 that Member countries should make free primary education compulsory and universal.[35] The World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, started a global movement in 1990 to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.[35] In 2000, World Education Forum in Dakar, Senegal, led member governments to commit for achieving basic education for all in 2015.[35]
The World Declaration on Higher Education was adopted by UNESCO's World Conference on Higher Education on 9 October 1998,[36] with the aim of setting global standards on the ideals and accessibility of higher education.
UNESCO's early activities in culture included the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, launched in 1960.[37] The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after the construction of the Aswan Dam. During the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan), Fes (Morocco), Kathmandu (Nepal), Borobudur (Indonesia) and the Acropolis of Athens (Greece).[38] The organization's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.[39] In 1976, the World Heritage Committee was established and the first sites were included on the World Heritage List in 1978.[40] Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage)[41] and 2005 (Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions).[42]
An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the European Council for Nuclear Research, which was responsible for establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)[43] later on, in 1954.[44]
Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences.[45]
In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of sustainable development. The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme.[46]
UNESCO has been credited with the diffusion of national science bureaucracies.[47]
In the field of communication, the "free flow of ideas by word and image" has been in UNESCO's constitution since it was established, following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression.[48] In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s.[48] In response to calls for a "New World Information and Communication Order" in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems,[49] which produced the 1980 MacBride report (named after the chair of the commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Seán MacBride).[49] The same year, UNESCO created the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries.[50] In 1993, UNESCO's General Conference endorsed the Windhoek Declaration on media independence and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as World Press Freedom Day.[51] Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize every 3 May.[52]
UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in 2011.[53][54]
Laws passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and WHO membership in April 1989[55][56] mean that the US cannot contribute financially to any UN organization that accepts Palestine as a full member.[57][58] As a result, the US withdrew its funding, which had accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget.[59] Israel also reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the Palestinian Authority,[60] stating that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental "to potential peace talks".[61] Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO, the US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected; thus, the US was elected as a member of the executive board for the period 2016–19.[62] In 2019, Israel left UNESCO after 69 years of membership, with Israel's ambassador to the UN Danny Danon writing: "UNESCO is the body that continually rewrites history, including by erasing the Jewish connection to Jerusalem... it is corrupted and manipulated by Israel's enemies... we are not going to be a member of an organisation that deliberately acts against us".[63]
2023 saw Russia excluded from the executive committee for the first time, after failing to get sufficient votes.[64] The United States officially accepted the Constitution of the United Nations Education, Culture and Science (UNESCO) on 10th July. "From now on, it becomes, once more, a full member of UNESCO, which has 194 Member States.Jul 11, 2023" [www.unesco.org.
UNESCO implements its activities through the five programme areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.[65]
UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.[66]
The UNESCO transparency portal[86] has been designed to enable public access to information regarding the Organization's activities, such as its aggregate budget for a biennium, as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents. These two distinct sets of information are published on the IATI registry, respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard.
There have been proposals to establish two new UNESCO lists. The first proposed list will focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. The list may include cultural objects, such as the Jōmon Venus of Japan, the Mona Lisa of France, the Gebel el-Arak Knife of Egypt, The Ninth Wave of Russia, the Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük of Turkey, the David (Michelangelo) of Italy, the Mathura Herakles of India, the Manunggul Jar of the Philippines, the Crown of Baekje of South Korea, The Hay Wain of the United Kingdom and the Benin Bronzes of Nigeria. The second proposed list will focus on the world's living species, such as the komodo dragon of Indonesia, the panda of China, the bald eagle of North American countries, the aye-aye of Madagascar, the Asiatic lion of India, the kākāpō of New Zealand, and the mountain tapir of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.[87][88]
UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines.
Created in 1945, The UNESCO Courier magazine states its mission to "promote UNESCO's ideals, maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate". Since March 2006 it has been available free online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017.[89]
In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review Impact of Science on Society (also known as Impact) to discuss the influence of science on society. The journal ceased publication in 1992.[90] UNESCO also published Museum International Quarterly from the year 1948.
UNESCO has official relations with 322 international non-governmental organizations (NGOs).[91] Most of these are what UNESCO calls "operational"; a select few are "formal".[92] The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is "formal associate", and the 22 NGOs[93] with formal associate (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:
The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.
UNESCO awards 26 prizes[106] in education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication and information as well as peace:
International Days observed at UNESCO are provided in the table below:[107]
As of July 2023[update], UNESCO has 194 member states and 12 associate members.[117] Some members are not independent states and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their dependent territories.[118] UNESCO state parties are the United Nations member states (except Israel[119] and Liechtenstein), as well as Cook Islands, Niue and Palestine.[120][121] The United States and Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018,[122][123] but the U.S. rejoined in 2023.[124][125]
As of June 2023[update], there have been 11 Directors-General of UNESCO since its inception – nine men and two women. The 11 Directors-General of UNESCO have come from six regions within the organization: West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), and East Europe (1).
To date, there has been no elected Director-General from the remaining ten regions within UNESCO: Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, and South America.
The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows:[126]
This is the list of the sessions of the UNESCO General Conference held since 1946:[127]
Ahmet Altay Cengizer[131]
Biennial elections are held, with 58 elected representatives holding office for four years.
Finland Portugal Turkey
Albania Belarus Bulgaria
Cuba Grenada Jamaica Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Venezuela
Bangladesh China India Indonesia Japan Philippines
Burundi Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Madagascar Zambia Zimbabwe
Egypt Jordan Morocco
France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain Switzerland
Hungary Poland Russia Serbia
Argentina Brazil Dominican Republic Uruguay
Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan Philippines Pakistan South Korea Thailand
Benin Congo Guinea Ghana Kenya Namibia Senegal Togo
Saudi Arabia UAE Tunisia
Austria Iceland Turkey
Armenia Azerbaijan Lithuania
Chile Grenada Haiti Mexico Paraguay Saint Lucia
China Cook Islands India Japan Philippines Vietnam
Angola Botswana Congo Djibouti South Africa Tanzania
Egypt Jordan Kuwait
France Germany Italy Spain United Kingdom United States
Albania Czech Republic Serbia Slovakia
Argentina Brazil Cuba Dominican Republic
Australia Bangladesh Indonesia Pakistan South Korea Sri Lanka
Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire Gabon Liberia Mauritius Mozambique Nigeria
Iraq Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia
The UNESCO headquarters is located at Place de Fontenoy in Paris, France. Several architects collaborated on the construction of the headquarters, including Bernard Zehrfuss, Marcel Breuer and Luigi Nervi.[137] It includes a Garden of Peace which was donated by the Government of Japan.[138] This garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist Isamu Noguchi in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano. In 1994–1995, in memory of the 50th anniversary of UNESCO, a meditation room was built by Tadao Ando.[139]
UNESCO's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus and liaison offices.
The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office.[140]
UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past, particularly in its relationships with the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore and the former Soviet Union. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO's support for a "New World Information and Communication Order" and its MacBride report calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb freedom of the press. UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West, in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.[144] In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by the United Kingdom in 1985.[145] Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985, citing rising membership fees.[146] Following a change of government in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.[147]
UNESCO has been criticized as being used by the People's Republic of China to present a Chinese Communist Party version of history and to dilute the contributions of ethnic minorities in China such as Uyghurs and Tibetans.[148][149][150]
Israel was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since then. In 2010, Israel designated the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron and Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem – both in the West Bank – as National Heritage Sites and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the Obama administration and protests from Palestinians.[151] In October 2010, UNESCO's executive board voted to declare the sites as "al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs" and "Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb" and stated that they were "an integral part of the occupied Palestinian Territories" and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of international law.[152] UNESCO described the sites as significant to "people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions", and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites.[153] Israel in turn accused UNESCO of "detach[ing] the Nation of Israel from its heritage", and accused it of being politically motivated.[154] The Rabbi of the Western Wall said that Rachel's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site.[155] Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon declared that the resolution was a "part of Palestinian escalation". Zevulun Orlev, chairman of the Knesset Education and Culture Committee, referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world.[156][157]
On 28 June 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, at Jordan's insistence, censured[clarification needed] Israel's decision to demolish and rebuild the Mughrabi Gate Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons; Jordan disputed the agreement, saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from Egypt.[158]
In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, "indefinitely postponed" and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the Simon Wiesenthal Centre entitled "The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel". The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would "harm the peace process".[159] The author of the exhibition, professor Robert Wistrich of the Hebrew University's Vidal Sassoon International Centre for the Study of Anti-Semitism, called the cancellation an "appalling act", and characterized Bokova's decision as "an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history". UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success.[160]
On 1 January 2019, Israel formally left UNESCO in pursuance of the US withdrawal over the perceived continuous anti-Israel bias.[161]
On 13 October 2016, UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for "aggressions" by Israeli police and soldiers and "illegal measures" against the freedom of worship and Muslims' access to their holy sites, while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power. Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision.[162] While the text acknowledged the "importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions", it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem's Old City only by its Muslim name "Al-Haram al-Sharif", Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. In response, Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words "Temple Mount" or "Har HaBayit", stating that it denies Jewish ties to the key holy site.[162][163] After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats, including Benjamin Netanyahu and Ayelet Shaked, Israel froze all ties with the organization.[164][165] The resolution was condemned by Ban Ki-moon and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, who said that Judaism, Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and "to deny, conceal or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site.[166][167] "Al-Aqsa Mosque [or] Al-Haram al-Sharif" is also Temple Mount, whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism."[168] It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a "hateful anti-Israel sentiment",[169] and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy's abstention.[169] On 26 October, UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution, which also criticized Israel for its continuous "refusal to let the body's experts access Jerusalem's holy sites to determine their conservation status".[170] Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version, Israel continued to denounce the text.[171] The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount, or Har HaBayit in Hebrew, only by its Arab name – a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO's executive board, triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies. U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated: "This item should have been defeated. These politicized and one-sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO."[172]
In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization, citing in-part anti-Israel bias.[173][174]
In February 2011, an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role models as Adolf Hitler. In December 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the magazine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support.[175]
In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the Islamic University of Gaza in the field of astronomy, astrophysics, and space sciences,[176] fueling controversy and criticism. Israel bombed the school in 2008 stating that they develop and store weapons there, which Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO's move.[177][178]
The head, Kamalain Shaath, defended UNESCO, stating that "the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development".[179][180][181] Israeli ambassador to UNESCO Nimrod Barkan planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with.[182] The Jewish organization B'nai B'rith criticized the move as well.[183]
In 2015, Japan threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 Nanjing massacre in the latest listing for its "Memory of the World" program.[184] In October 2016, Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida confirmed that Japan's 2016 annual funding of ¥4.4 billion had been suspended, although he denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy.[185]
The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984, citing the "highly politicized" nature of the organisation, its ostensible "hostility toward the basic institutions of a free society, especially a free market and a free press", as well as its "unrestrained budgetary expansion", and poor management under then Director-General Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow of Senegal.[186]
On 19 September 1989, U.S. Congressman Jim Leach stated before a congressional subcommittee:[187]
The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well-known; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO, and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system. The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created. While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west, and engage in Israel bashing, UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures. The U.S. opted for empty-chair diplomacy, after winning, not losing, the battles we engaged in... It was nuts to get out, and would be nuttier not to rejoin.
Leach concluded that the record showed Israel bashing, a call for a new world information order, money management, and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal; he asserted that before departing from UNESCO, a withdrawal from the IAEA had been pushed on him.[187] On 1 October 2003, the U.S. rejoined UNESCO.[186]
On 12 October 2017, the United States notified UNESCO that it would again withdraw from the organization, on 31 December 2018; Israel followed suit.[188] The Department of State cited "mounting arrears at UNESCO, the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO".[173]
The United States has not paid over $600 million in dues[189] since it stopped paying its $80 million annual UNESCO dues when Palestine became a full member in 2011. Israel and the US were among the 14 votes against the membership out of 194 member countries.[190] When the U.S. announced that it was rejoining the body in 2023, it also pledged to pay all past due payments.[124]
On 25 May 2016, Turkish poet and human rights activist Zülfü Livaneli resigned as Turkey's only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. He highlighted the human rights situation in Turkey and the destruction of historical Sur district of Diyarbakir, the largest city in Kurdish-majority southeast Turkey, during fighting between the Turkish army and Kurdish militants as the main reasons for his resignation. Livaneli said: "To pontificate on peace while remaining silent against such violations is a contradiction of the fundamental ideals of UNESCO."[191]
In 2020 UNESCO stated that the size of the illicit trade in cultural property amounted to 10 billion dollars a year. A report that same year by the Rand Organisation suggested the actual market is "not likely to be larger than a few hundred million dollars each year". An expert cited by UNESCO as attributing the 10 billion figure denied it and said he had "no idea" where the figure came from. Art dealers were particularly critical of the UNESCO figure, because it amounted to 15% of the total world art market.[192]
In November 2020 part of a UNESCO advertising campaign intended to highlight international trafficking in looted artefacts had to be withdrawn, after it falsely presented a series of museum-held artworks with known provenances as recently looted objects held in private collections. The adverts claimed that a head of Buddha in the Metropolitan Museum's collection since 1930 had been looted from Kabul Museum in 2001 and then smuggled into the US art market; that a funerary monument from Palmyra that the MET had acquired in 1901 had been recently looted from the Palmyra Museum by Islamic State militants and then smuggled into the European antiquities market, and that an Ivory Coast mask with a provenance that indicates it was in the US by 1954 was looted during armed clashes in 2010–2011. After complaints from the MET, the adverts were withdrawn.[193]
UNESCO develops, maintains and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS/ISIS [not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS).[195]
The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications.
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...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. Robert Kasten, Jr. (R-Wl) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. Tom Lantos sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or their achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the "offending" UN body under these laws.
To bolster the idea of a Han-centric identity, the party seeks to dilute the contributions of minority groups in UNESCO claims. For example, documents filed with the organisation state that Tibet's Potala Palace, the winter home of Dalai Lamas from 1649 to 1959, exhibits the skills of many ethnic groups, not just Tibetans. The government uses "radical selectivity" in choosing which places, people and practices to emphasise, says Rachel Harris of the School of Oriental and African Studies, part of the University of London.
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Zus & ZoSutradara Paula van der Oest Produser Jacqueline de Goeij Ditulis oleh Paula van der Oest SkenarioPaula van der OestPemeranMonic HendrickxAnneke BlokSylvia PoortaJacob DerwigHalina ReijnPenata musikFons MerkiesSinematograferBert PotPenyuntingSander VosDistributorLifesize Entertainment (AS)Tanggal rilisDurasi100 menitNegara Belanda Bahasa Belanda Zus & Zo adalah sebuah film Belanda 2001 yang disutradarai oleh Paula van der Oest. Film tersebut dinominasikan pada Academy Award…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: If Leaving Me Is Easy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1981 single by Phil CollinsIf Leaving Me Is EasySingle by Phil Collinsfrom the album Face Value B-sideIn the Air TonightI Misse…
1787 meeting of U.S. state delegates Federal Convention redirects here. For other uses, see Federal Convention (disambiguation). This article is part of a series on theConstitutionof the United States Preamble and Articles Preamble I II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments: Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Vo…
Kris MataramPoster bioskopSutradara Njoo Cheong Seng ProduserDitulis olehPemeran Fifi Young Omar Rodriga SinematograferJoshua WongPerusahaanproduksiOriental FilmTanggal rilis 29 Juni 1940 (1940-06-29) (Hindia Belanda) Negara Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Kris Mataram adalah film Hindia Belanda tahun 1940 yang disutradarai Njoo Cheong Seng dan dibintangi Fifi Young dan Omar Rodriga. Film ini mengisahkan sepasang kekasih yang terpisah karena kelas mereka. Ini merupakan film fitur perdana Young.…
Konfernesi Waligereja FilipinaSingkatanKWFStatusKonferensi WaligerejaKantor pusatManila, FilipinaPresidenSocrates B VillegasSitus webcbcpwebsite.com Peta Filipina yang menunjukkan provinsi gerejawi berbeda Peta Filipina yang menunjukkan vikariat apostolik berbeda Konferensi Waligereja Filipina (singkatan: KWF; Filipina: Kapulungan ng mga Katolikong Obispo ng Pilipinas; bahasa Cebu: Hugpong sa mga Obispo nga Katoliko sa Pilipinas; Hiligaynon: Komperensya sang mga Obispo nga Katoliko sang …
Sergio Gómez Gómez bersama Anderlecht pada 2022Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Sergio Gómez Martín[1]Tanggal lahir 4 September 2000 (umur 23)Tempat lahir Badalona, SpainTinggi 171 cm (5 ft 7 in)[1]Posisi bermain Gelandang serang, bek kiriInformasi klubKlub saat ini Manchester CityNomor 21Karier junior Trajana Badalona Espanyol2010–2018 Barcelona2018 Borussia DortmundKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2017–2018 Barcelona B 2 (0)2018–2019 Borussia Dortm…
Enfants apprenant l'équitation dans un centre équestre en Camargue. Un centre équestre (club d'équitation pour les petites structures, poney club pour celles qui n'utilisent que des poneys) est un lieu où s'enseigne et se pratique l'équitation à destination du grand public. Créés depuis le milieu du XXe siècle, ils mettent des chevaux et/ou des poneys dressés et mutualisés à disposition. Les centres équestres participent à la sortie du cheval du domaine militaire et utilitair…
Gillette Ciudad Vista de Gillete GilletteLocalización de Gillette en Wyoming Estado de Wyoming en EE. UU.Coordenadas 44°16′58″N 105°30′19″O / 44.282777777778, -105.50527777778Entidad Ciudad • País Estados Unidos • Estado Wyoming • Condado CampbellAlcalde Tom MurphySuperficie • Total 34.7 km² • Tierra 34.6 km² • Agua 0.01 km²Altitud • Media 1388 m s. n. m.Población (1 de abril de 2020) …
American TV series or program My Kitchen RulesGenreCookingJudges Curtis Stone Cat Cora Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes8ProductionExecutive producers Conrad Green Kenny Rosen Production company7 BeyondOriginal releaseNetworkFoxReleaseJanuary 12 (2017-01-12) –March 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)RelatedMy Kitchen Rules (Australian original)My Kitchen Rules SAMy Kitchen Rules NZ My Kitchen Rules is an American competitive cooking reali…
Tampak utara Kuil Topeng-Topeng di Uaxactun Uaxactun (pelafalan [waʃakˈtun]) adalah sebuah kota Maya kuno yang terletak di wilayah Cekungan Petén di Guatemala. Uaxactun adalah salah satu kota Maya pertama. Kota ini sudah dihuni dari zaman Praklasik Pertengahan. Seperti kota-kota besar lainnya pada zaman Praklasik, kota ini sempat ditinggalkan pada akhir zaman Praklasik, dan kemudian dihuni kembali. Kota ini lalu mengalami perkembangan pesat, walaupun masih tidak sebesar tetangganya, Tikal. Pa…
Honor presented to recording artists for quality rap albums Grammy Award for Best Rap AlbumMr. Morale & the Big Steppers by Kendrick Lamar is the most recent recipientAwarded forQuality albums with rappingCountryUnited StatesPresented byNational Academy of Recording Arts and SciencesFirst awarded1996Last awardedKendrick Lamar, Mr. Morale & the Big Steppers (2023)Most awardsEminem (6)Websitegrammy.com The Grammy Award for Best Rap Album is an award presented to recording artists for quali…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Échevin (homonymie). Le prévôt des marchands et les échevins de la ville de Paris (1611). Sous l'Ancien Régime, les échevins de Paris étaient les assesseurs du prévôt des marchands et siégeaient avec lui à l'Hôtel de ville. On procédait à l'élection de deux échevins le lendemain de l'Assomption, le 16 août, ces échevins devaient être natifs de Paris[1]. Liste des échevins de Paris[2],[3],[4] Article connexe : Liste des prévôts des marc…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (أغسطس_2010) عبد العزيز بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود معلومات شخصية عائلة آل سعود تعديل مصدري - تعديل الأمير عبد ال…
Head of government of Greece For a list, see List of prime ministers of Greece. Prime Minister of the Hellenic RepublicΠρωθυπουργός της Ελληνικής ΔημοκρατίαςCoat of arms of the Greek GovernmentIncumbentKyriakos Mitsotakissince 26 June 2023Government of GreeceStyleHis Excellency[1] (formal and diplomatic) Mr Prime Minister (informal)StatusHead of governmentMember ofCabinetParliamentEuropean CouncilReports toParliamentPresidentResidenceMaximos Mansio…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Kohistan District, Pakistan – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanKohistan ضلع کوہستانکوهستان ولسوالۍDistrictKohistan …
[1]População 1,216 bilhões (14%) Estatísticas PIB (em trilhões) Crescimento anual do PIB 5,16% (2004-2006) Renda per capita 44,7% Milionários 0,1 milhões (0,01%) Dívida externa 60,7% (1998) (2007) FMI 25,5% Pagamento da dívida externa 4,2% (2007) FMI 3,0% Pessoas que ganham menos de 1 dólar por dia 36,2% A Economia da África consiste na agricultura e nos recursos dos povos da África. Embora algumas partes do continente tenham conseguido ganhos significativos nos últimos anos, dos 60…
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