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GPR55
Identifiers
Aliases	GPR55, LPIR1, G protein-coupled receptor 55
External IDs	OMIM: 604107; MGI: 2685064; HomoloGene: 36184; GeneCards: GPR55; OMA:GPR55 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (human)
End	230,961,066 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 1 (mouse)
End	85,961,007 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	monocyte; ; granulocyte; ; nucleus accumbens; ; lymph node; ; spleen; ; putamen; ; caudate nucleus; ; right testis; ; appendix; ; blood;
	Top expressed in
	jejunum; ; duodenum; ; ileum; ; colon; ; spermatocyte; ; testicle; ; adrenal gland; ; yolk sac; ; primary oocyte; ; spleen;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	cannabinoid receptor activity; G protein-coupled receptor activity; signal transducer activity;
Cellular component	integral component of membrane; plasma membrane; integral component of plasma membrane; membrane;
Biological process	positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; activation of phospholipase C activity; bone resorption; negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation; signal transduction; positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade; cannabinoid signaling pathway; positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	9290
	227326
	ENSG00000135898
	ENSMUSG00000049608
	Q9Y2T6
	Q3UJF0
	NM_005683
	NM_001033290
	NP_005674
	NP_001028462
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

G protein-coupled receptor 55 also known as GPR55 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the GPR55 gene.^[5]

GPR55, along with GPR119 and GPR18, have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors.^[6]^[7]

History

GPR55 was identified and cloned for the first time in 1999.^[8] Later it was identified by an in silico screen as a putative cannabinoid receptor because of a similar amino acid sequence in the binding region.^[9] Research groups from Glaxo Smith Kline and Astra Zeneca characterized the receptor extensively because it was hoped to be responsible for the blood pressure lowering properties of cannabinoids. GPR55 is indeed activated by endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids such as plant and synthetic cannabinoids but GPR-55 knockout mice generated by a research group from Glaxo Smith Kline showed no altered blood pressure regulation after administration of the cannabidiol-derivative abnormal cannabidiol.^[10]

Signal cascade

GPR55 is coupled to the G-protein G₁₃ and activation of the receptor leads to stimulation of rhoA, cdc42 and rac1.^[11]

Pharmacology

GPR55 is activated by the plant cannabinoids Δ⁹-THC^[12] and the endocannabinoids anandamide, 2-AG and noladin ether in the low nanomolar range. Exocannabinoids such as the synthetic cannabinoid CP-55940 are also able to activate the receptor^[12] while the structurally unrelated cannabinoid mimic WIN 55,212-2 fails to activate the receptor.^[10] Recent research suggests that lysophosphatidylinositol and its 2-arachidonoyl derivative, 2-arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (2-ALPI), may be the endogenous ligands for GPR55^[13]^[14]^[15] and the receptor appears likely to be a possible target for treatment of inflammation and pain as with the other cannabinoid receptors.^[16]^[17]

This profile as a distinct non-CB₁/CB₂ receptor which responds to a variety of both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoid ligands has led some groups to suggest GPR55 should be categorised as the CB₃ receptor, and this re-classification may follow in time.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21] However this is complicated by the fact that another possible CB₃ receptor has been discovered^[which?] in the hippocampus, although its gene has not yet been cloned,^[22] suggesting that there may be at least four cannabinoid receptors which will eventually be characterised. Evidence accumulated during the last few years suggests that GPR55 plays a relevant role in cancer and opens the possibility of considering this orphan receptor as a new therapeutic target and potential biomarker in oncology.^[23]

Ligands

Agonists

Ligands found to bind to GPR55 as agonists include:

Lysophosphatidylinositol
2-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol
Abnormal cannabidiol (Abn-CBD)
AM-251 (also CB₁ antagonist)
CP 55,940
GSK-319,197
GSK-494,581 - also glycine transporter 1 inhibitor ^[24]
GSK-522,373
O-1602
Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol^[12]
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)^[12]
Noladin ether
Oleoylethanolamide
Palmitoylethanolamide
ML-184, ML-185 and ML-186 ^[25]

Antagonists

CID-16020046 - inverse agonist at GPR55
O-1918
ML-191, ML-192 and ML-193^[25]
PSB-SB-487 and PSB-SB-1203 ^[26]
Cannabidiol^[12]

Physiological function

The physiological role of GPR55 is unclear. Mice with a target deletion of the GPR55 gene show no specific phenotype.^[10] GPR55 is widely expressed in the brain, especially in the cerebellum. It is expressed in the jejunum and ileum but apparently not more generally in the periphery.^[12] Osteoblasts and osteoclasts express GPR55 and this has been shown to regulate bone cell function.^[27]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135898 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000049608 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Entrez Gene: GPR55 G protein-coupled receptor 55".
^ Brown AJ (Nov 2007). "Novel cannabinoid receptors". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (5): 567–75. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707481. PMC 2190013. PMID 17906678.
^ McHugh D, Hu SS, Rimmerman N, Juknat A, Vogel Z, Walker JM, Bradshaw HB (March 2010). "N-arachidonoyl glycine, an abundant endogenous lipid, potently drives directed cellular migration through GPR18, the putative abnormal cannabidiol receptor". BMC Neuroscience. 11: 44. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-44. PMC 2865488. PMID 20346144.
^ Sawzdargo M, Nguyen T, Lee DK, Lynch KR, Cheng R, Heng HH, George SR, O'Dowd BF (Feb 1999). "Identification and cloning of three novel human G protein-coupled receptor genes GPR52, PsiGPR53 and GPR55: GPR55 is extensively expressed in human brain". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 64 (2): 193–8. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00277-0. PMID 9931487.
^ Baker D, Pryce G, Davies WL, Hiley CR (Jan 2006). "In silico patent searching reveals a new cannabinoid receptor". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 27 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.11.003. PMID 16318877.
^ ^a ^b ^c Johns DG, Behm DJ, Walker DJ, Ao Z, Shapland EM, Daniels DA, Riddick M, Dowell S, Staton PC, Green P, Shabon U, Bao W, Aiyar N, Yue TL, Brown AJ, Morrison AD, Douglas SA (Nov 2007). "The novel endocannabinoid receptor GPR55 is activated by atypical cannabinoids but does not mediate their vasodilator effects". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (5): 825–31. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707419. PMC 2190033. PMID 17704827.
^ Lauckner JE, Jensen JB, Chen HY, Lu HC, Hille B, Mackie K (Feb 2008). "GPR55 is a cannabinoid receptor that increases intracellular calcium and inhibits M current". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (7): 2699–704. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.2699L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711278105. PMC 2268199. PMID 18263732.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ryberg E, Larsson N, Sjögren S, Hjorth S, Hermansson NO, Leonova J, Elebring T, Nilsson K, Drmota T, Greasley PJ (Dec 2007). "The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (7): 1092–101. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707460. PMC 2095107. PMID 17876302.
^ Oka S, Nakajima K, Yamashita A, Kishimoto S, Sugiura T (Nov 2007). "Identification of GPR55 as a lysophosphatidylinositol receptor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 362 (4): 928–34. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.078. PMID 17765871.
^ Henstridge CM, Balenga NA, Ford LA, Ross RA, Waldhoer M, Irving AJ (Jan 2009). "The GPR55 ligand L-alpha-lysophosphatidylinositol promotes RhoA-dependent Ca2+ signaling and NFAT activation". FASEB Journal. 23 (1): 183–93. doi:10.1096/fj.08-108670. PMID 18757503. S2CID 27142069.
^ Oka S, Toshida T, Maruyama K, Nakajima K, Yamashita A, Sugiura T (Jan 2009). "2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol: a possible natural ligand for GPR55". Journal of Biochemistry. 145 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1093/jb/mvn136. PMID 18845565.
^ Staton PC, Hatcher JP, Walker DJ, Morrison AD, Shapland EM, Hughes JP, Chong E, Mander PK, Green PJ, Billinton A, Fulleylove M, Lancaster HC, Smith JC, Bailey LT, Wise A, Brown AJ, Richardson JC, Chessell IP (Sep 2008). "The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 plays a role in mechanical hyperalgesia associated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain". Pain. 139 (1): 225–36. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.04.006. PMID 18502582. S2CID 207307343.
^ Kress M, Kuner R (Jun 2009). "Mode of action of cannabinoids on nociceptive nerve endings". Experimental Brain Research. 196 (1): 79–88. doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1762-0. PMID 19306092. S2CID 18458610.
^ Overton HA, Babbs AJ, Doel SM, Fyfe MC, Gardner LS, Griffin G, Jackson HC, Procter MJ, Rasamison CM, Tang-Christensen M, Widdowson PS, Williams GM, Reynet C (Mar 2006). "Deorphanization of a G protein-coupled receptor for oleoylethanolamide and its use in the discovery of small-molecule hypophagic agents". Cell Metabolism. 3 (3): 167–75. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.02.004. PMID 16517404.
^ Ross RA (Mar 2009). "The enigmatic pharmacology of GPR55". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 30 (3): 156–63. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.12.004. PMID 19233486.
^ Kapur A, Zhao P, Sharir H, Bai Y, Caron MG, Barak LS, Abood ME (Oct 2009). "Atypical responsiveness of the orphan receptor GPR55 to cannabinoid ligands". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (43): 29817–27. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.050187. PMC 2785612. PMID 19723626.
^ Moriconi A, Cerbara I, Maccarrone M, Topai A (February 2010). "GPR55: Current knowledge and future perspectives of a purported "Type-3" cannabinoid receptor". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (14): 1411–29. doi:10.2174/092986710790980069. PMID 20166924.
^ de Fonseca FR, Schneider M (Jun 2008). "The endogenous cannabinoid system and drug addiction: 20 years after the discovery of the CB1 receptor" (PDF). Addiction Biology. 13 (2): 143–6. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00116.x. PMID 18482429. S2CID 205400322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18.
^ Andradas, Clara (2013). "The Role of GPR55 in Cancer". Endocannabinoids Actions at Atypical, Non-cannabinoid Receptors. The Receptors. Vol. 24. Springer Verlag. pp. 115–133. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4669-9_5. ISBN 978-1-4614-4668-2.
^ Brown AJ, Daniels DA, Kassim M, Brown S, Haslam CP, Terrell VR, Brown J, Nichols PL, Staton PC, Wise A, Dowell SJ (Apr 2011). "Pharmacology of GPR55 in yeast and identification of GSK494581A as a mixed-activity glycine transporter subtype 1 inhibitor and GPR55 agonist". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 337 (1): 236–46. doi:10.1124/jpet.110.172650. PMID 21233197. S2CID 22317158.
^ ^a ^b Heynen-Genel S, Dahl R, Shi S, Milan L, Hariharan S, Bravo Y, Sergienko E, Hedrick M, Dad S, Stonich D, Su Y, Vicchiarelli M, Mangravita-Novo A, Smith LH, Chung TD, Sharir H, Barak LS, Abood ME (2010). "Screening for Selective Ligands for GPR55 - Agonists". Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program [Internet]. PMID 22091480.
^ Rempel V, Volz N, Gläser F, Nieger M, Bräse S, Müller CE (Jun 2013). "Antagonists for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR55 based on a coumarin scaffold". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 56 (11): 4798–810. doi:10.1021/jm4005175. PMID 23679955.
^ Whyte LS, Ryberg E, Sims NA, Ridge SA, Mackie K, Greasley PJ, Ross RA, Rogers MJ (Sep 2009). "The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 affects osteoclast function in vitro and bone mass in vivo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (38): 16511–6. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616511W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902743106. PMC 2737440. PMID 19805329.