最晚在10万年前,老挝境内已经有人类居住[30]。老挝北部安南山脉的丹巴灵洞穴(英语:Tam Pa Ling Cave)出土了距今46,000年前的现代人类头骨化石,是截至目前东南亚年代最久远的人类化石考古发现[31]。在老挝北部还发现了属于和平文化的石器,年代可追溯至更新世晚期[32]。考古证据表明,老挝境内的农业社会产生于公元前第4千年[33]。根据墓葬考古结果,老挝大概在前1500年出现使用铜器的复杂社会,前700年出现铁器。在众多洞穴和墓葬考古遗址中,最著名者即位于川圹石缸平原的巨石文化,据信此遗址曾经孕育了贸易社会[34][35]。
老挝人在一年中有多个节日,不少和上座部佛教信仰有关,其中老挝新年(英语:Lao New Year)、高升节(英语:Rocket Festival)和塔銮节(英语:Pha That Luang Festival)是具有老挝民族特色的盛大节庆。老挝新年的庆典最长可持续一周,其中前三日是公共假日。在此期间,老挝人要举行浴佛、泼水、拴线、堆沙、放生等庆祝仪式,还会举行各种舞剧、山歌表演。高升节源于婆罗门教祭拜火神的典礼,家家户户值此之际会放飞竹筒火箭,以期赶走灾祸,场面颇为壮观。塔銮节期间,全国各地的僧侣和佛教徒都会前往万象塔銮进行膜拜,携带食物、鲜花和香烛布施,并举行盛大的歌舞表演[48]:45-46。
^Terwiel, Barend Jan. Ahom and the Study of Early Thai Society(PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siamese Heritage Trust). 1983,. JSS Vol. 71.0 (digital): image 4 [2013-03-07]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2013-11-03). khun : ruler of a fortified town and its surrounding villages, together called a mu'ang. In older sources the prefix ph'o ("father") is sometimes used as well.
^Vickery, Michael. Piltdown3: Further Discussion of The Ram Khamhaeng Inscription(PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siam Heritage Trust). 1995,. JSS Vol. 83.0j (digital): image 11 [2013-08-03]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2014-02-27). Examples of the first are söaṅ, the name of Ram Khamhaeng's mother, and möaṅ. Khun Phasit said that these terms should in fact be read as /söŋ/ and /möŋ/....
^Marwick, Ben; Bouasisengpaseuth, Bounheung. History and Practice of Archaeology in Laos. Habu, Junko; Lape, Peter; Olsen, John (编). Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology. Springer. 2017 [2020-09-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-06).
^Coedès, George. Walter F. Vella , 编. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 1968. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
^Simms, Peter and Sanda (1999). The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History. Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1531-2. P. 71-73.
^Stuart-Fox, Martin (1998). The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline. White Lotus Press. ISBN 974-8434-33-8. P. 78.
^Fox-Stuart, Martin. 2001. Historical Dictionary of Laos. Second Edition. Asian/Oceanian Historical Dictionaries Series No. 35. Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
^The Politics of Ritual and Remembrance : Laos Since 1975, by Grant Evans, University of Hawai'i Press (1998). ISBN0-8248-2054-1
^ 139.0139.1Lafont, P-B. (1982). Buddhism in Contemporary Laos in Stuart-Fox, M. (ed) Contemporary Laos: Studies in the Politics and Society of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (pp. 148–162) St Lucia: University of Queensland Press
^Brown, M. & Zasloff, J.J. (1986). Apprentice Revolutionaries: The Communist Movement in Laos, 1930–1985 Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
^Ladwig, Patrice (2015). Worshipping relics and animating statues. Transformations of Buddhist statecraft in contemporary Laos. Modern Asian Studies Vol.49/6, 2015, pp. 1875–1902.
^Smyth, David; Koret, Peter. The Canon in Southeast Asian Literature: Literatures of Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. New York: Routledge. 2003: 210–233. ISBN 978-0700710904.
^Hundius, Harald; Wharton, David. The Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts(PDF). The Journal of Lao Studies. 2011-11, 2 (2): 68 [2016-02-22]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2016-02-17).
^Jähnichen, G. (2009). Re-designing the role of phalak and pharam in modern Lao Ramayana. Wacana Seni Journal of Art Discourse, 8.
^Soontranavich, Chalong. Sila Viravong’s Phongsawadan Lao: A Reappraisal. Goscha, Christopher E.; Søren, Ivarsson (编). Contesting Visions of the Lao Past: Laos Historiography at the Crossroads. Northern Institute of Asian Studies Press. 2003-01-01: 115 [2014-09-12]. ISBN 9788791114021. (原始内容存档于2021-06-24).
^Lall, Vikram. The Golden Lands: Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand & Vietnam / Vikram Lall ; Editorial Direction Joan Foo Mahony. New York, NY: Abbeville Press Publishers. Print.
^Roeder, Eric. The Origin and Significance of the Emerald Buddha(PDF). Explorations in Southeast Asian Studies (Honolulu: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Hawai'i at Manoa). 1999, 3 [2014-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-04).
^Somkiart Lopetcharat: Lao Buddha - The Image and Its History; Art Media Resources Ltd, 2001; ISBN978-974-272-207-4
^Ray, N. (2007). Vietnam, cambodia, laos and the greater mekong. Oakland, California: Lonely Planet Publishers.
^Brandon, J. R. (1993). The cambridge guide to asian theatre. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
^Mansfield, S. and Koh, M. (2008). Cultures of the world: laos. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Corp.
^Bounchao Pichit, "Laos Cinema," in David Hanan, ed., Film in South East Asia: Views from the Region, Hanoi, Vietnam Film Institute, 2001, 83–91.
^Southiponh, Som Ock; Gerow, Aaron. Starting an Asian Cinema: Laos Past and Present. Documentary Box (Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival). 1999, 12: 27 [2019-01-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-24).
Para antariksawan dan partisipan penerbangan luar angkasa melakukan kegiatan keagamaan mereka saat berada di luar angkasa; terkadang secara terbuka, terkadang secara tertutup. Penerapan agama di luar angkasa atau agama di antariksa menghadapi tantangan dan kesempatan unik bagi para penganutnya. Para penjelajah angkasa dikabarkan mengalami prubahan dalam cara mereka memandang keyakinan mereka terkait efek Overview,[1] sementara beberapa kelompok sekuler mengkritik pemakaian pesawat lua...
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Rahardjo Jamtomo Rahardjo Jamtomo adalah seorang diplomat asal Indonesia. Ia menjabat sebagai Duta Besar Indonesia untuk Britania Raya dari 1997 sampai 1998[1] dan Duta Besar Indonesia untuk Jerman dari 18 Juni 2001 sampai 7 Oktober 2004.[2][3][4] Ia juga menjabat sebagai direktur eksekutif Kadin Indonesia.[5][6] Referensi ^ Indonesian Ambassadors for United Kingdom. Embassy of the Republic Indonesia in London, United Kingdom. 2008. Diarsipkan d...
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento matematica non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. f − 1 {\displaystyle f^{-1}} manda 3 in a poiché f manda a in 3 In matematica, una funzione f : X → Y {\displaystyle f\colon X\to Y} si dice invertibile se esiste una funzione g : Y...
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Mountain in Colorado, United States French MountainNorth aspect, centeredHighest pointElevation13,966 ft (4,257 m)[1][2]Prominence1,100 ft (335 m)[2]Parent peakMount Elbert[2]Isolation2.11 mi (3.40 km)[2]Coordinates39°07′43″N 106°28′57″W / 39.1286017°N 106.4825282°W / 39.1286017; -106.4825282[3]GeographyFrench MountainColorado LocationLake County, Colorado, U.S.[3]Par...
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