原角鼻龍屬

原角鼻龙属
化石时期:中侏羅紀,166 Ma
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目: 蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目: 獸腳亞目 Theropoda
科: 原角鼻龙科 Proceratosauridae
属: 原角鼻龙属 Procerasaurus
von Huene, 1926
模式種
布氏原角鼻龍
Procerasaurus bradleyi

(Woodward, 1910)

原角鼻龍屬名:Proceratosaurus)是獸腳亞目恐龍的一屬,生存於中侏儸紀巴通階英格蘭。原角鼻龍是種體型小的肉食性恐龍,身長略小於3公尺[1]

原角鼻龍起初被認為是角鼻龍的祖先,因為牠們口鼻部上的類似小型突起物[2]。但是,原角鼻龍目前被認為是種已知最早的虛骨龍類之一[3],屬於原始的暴龍超科 [4]

模式標本是在1910年發現於英國敏辛漢頓,當時正在進行一項水利工程。該標本目前存放於倫敦自然歷史博物館[4]

分類

原角鼻龍的頭顱骨
原角鼻龍與人類的體型比較圖

在1910年,亚瑟·史密斯·伍德沃德最初命名這種恐龍時,將牠們歸類於斑龍的一種,布氏斑龍(Megalosaurus bradleyi),並根據類似的鼻骨突起,而認為牠們是角鼻龍的祖先[5]。在1926年,休尼(Friedrich von Huene)博士將牠們建立為獨立的原角鼻龍屬,並支持角鼻龍祖先的理論。在1932年,休尼提出原角鼻龍、角鼻龍都屬於虛骨龍類[6]

直到1980年代晚期,角鼻龍被發現是種較原始的獸腳類恐龍,並不屬於虛骨龍類,而原角鼻龍的分類位置出現爭議。葛瑞格利·保羅(Gregory S. Paul)提出原角鼻龍是嗜鳥龍的近親,因為當時認為嗜鳥龍的鼻端也有類似的鼻角(這理論後來被推翻)。保羅認為這兩個相似的物種,可能都屬於原角鼻龍類、虛骨龍類、或是原始異特龍超科。此外,保羅更提出體型較大的皮爾逖龍與原角鼻龍是同種動物,所以皮爾逖龍是原角鼻龍的一個次異名[7]。但根據2010年的最新研究,皮爾逖龍與原角鼻龍的化石沒有相似之處,兩者是個別獨立的屬[8]

21世紀初期的數個種系發生學研究,發現原角鼻龍、嗜鳥龍都屬於虛骨龍類,與角鼻龍類、異特龍類的關係較遠;只有一個2000年的研究仍主張原角鼻龍屬於角鼻龍類。在2004年,湯瑪斯·霍爾茲(Thomas R. Holtz)也發現原角鼻龍屬於虛骨龍類,而且可能是嗜鳥龍的近親[8]

在2010年,奧利佛·勞赫(Oliver Rauhut)等人發表原角鼻龍的最新演化關係研究,並先在2009年發表於網路上。勞赫等人發現原角鼻龍屬於虛骨龍類的暴龍超科,牠們的最近親是中國冠龍。勞赫等人將原角鼻龍、冠龍歸類於原角鼻龍科,此科的範圍是:獸腳亞目之中,所以親緣關係較接近於原角鼻龍,而離暴龍異特龍美頜龍虛骨龍似鳥龍、或恐爪龍較遠的所有物種[8]

在2016年,托馬斯卡爾史蒂芬布魯薩特的原角鼻龍科的版本。[9]他們的分支圖如下所示:

原角鼻龍科

五彩冠龍

原角鼻龍屬

哈卡斯龍屬

羽暴龍屬

中國暴龍屬

參考資料

  1. ^ Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2008) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages Supplementary Information页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ Palmer, D. (编). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. 1999: 114. ISBN 1-84028-152-9. 
  3. ^ Holtz, Thomas. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs (PDF). Gaia. December 1998, 15: 5–61 [2009-03-19]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-19). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Oldest T. rex relative identified. BBC News. 2009-11-04 [2009-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-09). 
  5. ^ Woodward, A.S. (1910). "On a skull of Megalosaurus from the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton (Gloucestershire)." Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 66: 111–115.
  6. ^ von Huene, F. (1932). "Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte." Monographien zur Geologie und Palaeontologie (Serie 1), 4: 1–361.
  7. ^ Paul, G.S. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1988: 366–369. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Rauhut, O.W.M., Milner, A.C. and Moore-Fay, S. (2010). "Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, published online before print November 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00591.x
  9. ^ Brusatte, S.L. and Carr, T.D. 2016. The phylogeny and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroid dinosaurs.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Scientific Reports, 6(20252). doi:10.1038/srep20252

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