米拉西斯龍屬

米拉西斯龍屬
化石时期:晚白堊世森諾曼階-土侖階
93–89 Ma
頭骨復原
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目: 蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目: 獸腳亞目 Theropoda
科: 鲨齿龙科 Carcharodontosauridae
亚科: 鲨齿龙亚科 Carcharodontosaurinae
族: 南方巨兽龙族 Giganotosaurini
属: 米拉西斯龍屬 Meraxes
Canale et al., 2022
模式種
巨米拉西斯龍
Meraxes gigas

Canale et al., 2022

米拉西斯龍屬名Meraxes,取自冰與火之歌的龍角色)是一鯊齒龍科獸腳類恐龍,化石來自阿根廷巴塔哥尼亞晚白堊世烏因庫爾組英语Huincul Formation模式種巨米拉西斯龍Meraxes gigas)於2022年7月發表。[1]

發現

米拉西斯龍的正模標本MMCh-PV 65發現於2012年,在正式命名以前曾以「坎帕納斯鯊齒龍類」(Campanas carcharodontosaurid)代稱。[2]保存部位包括:一個近乎完整的頭骨肩胛骨盆、部分前肢、完整的後肢、肋骨碎片、頸椎、背椎、薦骨、數個完整的尾椎。這成為南半球已知最完整的鯊齒龍科化石。[1]

2022年卡奈爾等人根據標本建立了模式種巨米拉西斯龍(M. gigas)。屬名Meraxes取自喬治·R·R·馬丁的小說冰與火之歌裡的一隻龍的名字。種名gigas是古希臘語的「巨人」之義,代表其巨大的體型。[1]

描述

體型比例

米拉西斯龍是非常大型的獸腳類,體長超過10.5公尺,重達4263公斤。單頭骨就長達1.27公尺,略大於高棘龍1.23公尺的頭。兩者亦有著相似的身體比例,[1]後者約11.5公尺長。[3]

米拉西斯龍有一顆大頭、萎縮的前肢。在獸腳類中,前肢縮短分別在四個演化支發生過:鯊齒龍科阿貝力龍科暴龍科阿瓦拉慈龍科,是趨同演化的結果。[1]

分類

高棘龍復原圖。馬裡奧·蘭薩斯 2018

米拉西斯龍是鯊齒龍科的南方巨獸龍族最早分化的物種,親緣關係支序圖如下所示:[1]

鯊齒龍科 Carcharodontosauridae

新獵龍 Neovenator

昆卡獵龍 Concavenator

始鯊齒龍 Eocarcharia

拉哈斯獵龍 Lajasvenator

葡萄牙獵龍 Lusovenator

高棘龍 Acrocanthosaurus

假鯊齒龍 Shaochilong

鯊齒龍亞科 Carcharodontosaurinae

鯊齒龍 Carcharodontosaurus

南方巨獸龍族 Giganotosaurini

米拉西斯龍 Meraxes

魁紂龍 Tyrannotitan

南方巨獸龍 Giganotosaurus

馬普龍 Mapusaurus

古生物學

骨骼組織學分析顯示正模標本死亡時的年齡為53歲,成為已知最長壽的非鳥獸腳類恐龍。而且可以確認的是,米拉西斯龍在完全成熟後依然持續成長,速率略慢於其他獸腳類,如暴龍。研究亦發現鯊齒龍科約莫30至40歲時達到成熟。[2]

古生態學

復原圖
共棲物種

在烏因庫爾組,米拉西斯龍與以下物種共存:近鳥類斑盜龍輕龍亞科溫庫龍瓜里丘龍、幾種阿貝力龍科如蠍獵龍雷霆龍肌肉龍、同為鯊齒龍科近親的馬普龍;植食恐龍有雷巴齊斯龍科利邁河龍鷲龍泰坦巨龍類阿根廷龍喬岡龍、許多禽龍類

參考來源

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Canale, J.I.; Apesteguía, S.; Gallina, P.A.; Mitchell, J.; Smith, N.D.; Cullen, T.M.; Shinya, A.; Haluza, A.; Gianechini, F.A.; Makovicky, P.J. New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction. Current Biology. 2022-07-07 [2022-07-08]. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.057可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于2022-07-09). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Cullen, Thomas M.; Canale, Juan I.; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Smith, Nathan D.; Hu, Dongyu; Makovicky, Peter J. Osteohistological analyses reveal diverse strategies of theropod dinosaur body-size evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2020-11-25, 287 (1939): 20202258. PMC 7739506可免费查阅. PMID 33234083. S2CID 227154091. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2258. 
  3. ^ Paul, Gregory S. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. 2016: 102. ISBN 978-1-78684-190-2. OCLC 985402380. 

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