古似鳥龍屬

古似鸟龙属
化石时期：白堊紀晚期
96 Ma
▼
亞洲古似鳥龍的骨架模型，位於中國古動物博物館
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目： 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目： 蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目： 獸腳亞目 Theropoda
演化支： †似鳥龍類 Ornithomimosauria
科： †似鸟龙科 Ornithomimidae
属： †古似鸟龙属 Archaeornithomimus
Russell（英语：Dale Russell）, 1972
模式種
亞洲古似鳥龍
Archaeornithomimus asiaticus
(Gilmore, 1933[原本是亞洲似鳥龍])
其他種
  • 比斯克提古似鳥龍 Archaeornithomimus bissektensis
    Nessov, 1995

古似鳥龍（屬名：Archaeornithomimus，意為「古老的鳥類模仿者」）是一屬似鳥龍下目的獸腳亞目恐龍，生存於白堊紀晚期（約9600萬年前）的亞洲，化石來自二連組。

發現及命名

1923年，由羅伊·查普曼·安德魯斯率領的美國自然史博物館團隊至內蒙古考察期間，彼得·凱森在三個採石場發現數個獸腳類遺骸，由多個個體組成，大部分關節分離，並缺乏頭骨和下頜。這些化石由查爾斯·惠特尼·吉爾摩於1933年命名並簡短敘述為似鳥龍屬的新種：亞洲似鳥龍（Ornithomimus asiaticus）；種名意指來自亞洲。[1]1972年，戴爾·羅素（英语：Dale Russell）將這個種建立成新的屬古似鳥龍，使亞洲古似鳥龍（Archaeornithomimus asiaticus）成為其模式種。屬名由似鳥龍的屬名前面加上希臘文的ἀρχαῖος（archaios，「古老、原始」）組成，因為羅素認為發現古似鳥龍的地層屬於森諾曼階至土侖階時期，約9500萬年前，使其成為當時已知最古老的似鳥龍科。[2]最初吉爾摩並未編出一個正模標本；1990年，大衛·史密斯和彼得·加爾東在首次對化石的全面性敘述中，選擇了AMNH 6565標本（一隻腳）作為選定模式標本（英语：lectotype）。[3]

發現於馬里蘭州阿倫德爾組（英语：Arundel Formation）的腳部骨頭曾於1888年由奧斯尼爾·查爾斯·馬許歸入異特龍（Allosaurus medius）。[4]1911年，理察·斯旺·盧爾（英语：Richard Swann Lull）將這個標本命名為傷龍的新種（Dryptosaurus grandis）。[5]1920年，吉爾摩將它們重新命名為似鳥龍的新種，但因為Ornithomimus grandis這個名稱已經存在，他將種名更名為Ornithomimus affinis。[6]1972年，羅素將它們更名為古似鳥龍的第二個種（Archaeornithomimus affinis）。[2]但1990年史密斯和加爾東認為這些遺骸不屬於似鳥龍類，而是來自其他某些小型獸腳類。[3]

1995年，可能的第三個種：比斯克提古似鳥龍（Archaeornithomimus bissektensis）由Lev A. Nesov根據發現於烏茲別克比斯克提組（英语：Bissekty Formation）（土侖階－科尼亞克階）的模式標本N 479/12457：一個少年體的股骨和蹠骨而命名。[7]儘管如此，其親緣關係普遍受到質疑或被忽視。[8][9][10]

敘述

與平均男性人類的體型比例圖
復原圖

古似鳥龍是種中型似鳥龍類，身長3.4公尺、體重介於45至91公斤。[11]來自其他似鳥龍類親緣物種的確切證據表明，古似鳥龍身上也覆有類似平胸鳥類的羽毛[12][13]以及角質喙狀嘴。[14][15]

後肢結構堅實。第三蹠骨近端未癒合，因此非併蹠骨型。[3]頸椎大幅氣腔化（英语：Skeletal pneumaticity），沿神經弓及椎體有非常複雜的內部空腔，代表具有頸部氣囊（英语：Air sac）。前部胸椎和一些尾椎也有一定程度的氣腔化，而薦骨則未氣腔化。[9]2001年布魯斯·羅斯柴爾德和同事的研究試圖檢驗229件編入古似鳥龍的腳骨是否有出現疲勞性骨折的跡象，但結果是否定的。[16]

分類

羅素將古似鳥龍編入似鳥龍科。[2]近期的系統發生學分析要麼支持這種分類要麼將本屬排除於似鳥龍科之外、位於似鳥龍下目的基礎位置。以下演化樹取自2019年似鳥身女妖龍敘述論文中的廣泛虛骨龍類系統發育分析，古似鳥龍在這裡被分類至似金翅鳥龍科，與阿肯色龍近緣。[10]

內蒙古博物館的骨架
似鳥龍下目 Ornithomimosauria
 
 

鶴形龍 Hexing

 
 

恐手龍 Deinocheirus

 
 
 
 

神州龍 Shenzhousaurus

 
 
 
 

昂雅克夏朗德的分類單元 Angeac taxon

 
 

內德科爾伯特龍 Nedcolbertia

 
 
 
似鳥龍科 Ornithomimidae
 

似象鳥龍 Aepyornithomimus

 
 
 

中國似鳥龍 Sinornithomimus

 
 

似鳥龍 Ornithomimus

 
 
 
 
 
似金翅鳥龍科 Garudimimidae
 

阿肯色龍 Arkansaurus

 
 
 

古似鳥龍 Archaeornithomimus

 
 
 

GIN 960910KD標本

 
 
 

北山龍 Beishanlong

 
 

似金翅鳥龍 Garudimimus

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

似鳥身女妖龍 Harpymimus

 
 
 
 

蒙古似雞龍 "Gallimimus mongoliensis"

 
 

似多多鸟龙 Tototlmimus

 
 
 
 
 

MNAP 11762A標本

 
 
 

前似鴕龍 Rativates

 
 

坐似鳥龍 Ornithomimus sedens

 
 
 
 
 
 

似鵝龍 Anserimimus

 
 
 

秋扒龍 Qiupalong

 
 

似馳龍 Dromiceiomimus

 
 
 
 
 

似鴕龍 Struthiomimus

 
 
 

似提姆龍 Timimus

 
 

似雞龍 Gallimimus

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

古生態學

兩隻巨盜龍保護牠們的巢穴免受獨龍和古似鳥龍騷擾

古似鳥龍遺骸發現於二連組，年代可追溯至白堊紀晚期森諾曼階，約9600萬年前。[17]地層所呈現的環境是充滿辮狀河流曲流[18][19]、與海洋接壤[20]的氾濫平原，並如古土壤（英语：Paleosol）發展所示支持著廣泛的植被以及大量的植食性恐龍（如鴨嘴龍科）。[18]

如同其他似鳥龍類，古似鳥龍可能是雜食性動物，具有角質嘴喙，從小哺乳類、植物、水果、蛋、到甚至是其他恐龍幼體都吃。[14][15]

與古似鳥龍共棲的恐龍包括：其他獸腳類如暴龍超科的獨龍、鐮刀龍科的二連龍和內蒙古龍、偷蛋龍科的巨盜龍；植食性恐龍以鴨嘴龍類的巴克龍和計氏龍、蜥腳類的蘇尼特龍為代表。[21]

參見

似鳥龍類研究歷史（英语：Timeline of ornithomimosaur research）

參考資料

  1. ^ Gilmore, C. W. On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1933, 67 (2): 23–78. hdl:2246/355. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Russell, D. A. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 1972, 9 (4): 375–402 [2020-12-30]. doi:10.1139/e72-031. （原始内容存档于2021-01-17）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Smith, D.; Galton, P. Osteology of Archaeornithomimus asiaticus (Upper Cretaceous, Iren Dabasu Formation, People's Republic of China). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1990, 10 (2): 255–265. doi:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011811. 
  4. ^ Marsh, O. C. Notice of a new genus of Sauropoda and other new dinosaurs from the Potomac Formation. American Journal of Science. Series 3. 1888, 35 (205): 89–94 [2020-12-30]. Bibcode:1888AmJS...35...89M. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-35.205.89. （原始内容存档于2021-01-17）. 
  5. ^ Lull, R. S. The Reptilia of the Arundel Formation. Maryland Geological Survey: Lower Cretaceous. 1911: 173–178. 
  6. ^ Gilmore, C. W. Osteology of the carnivorous dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 1920, 110 (110): i–159. OCLC 1836981. doi:10.5479/si.03629236.110.i. hdl:10088/10107. 
  7. ^ Nesov, L. A. Dinozavri severnoi Yevrazii: Novye dannye o sostave kompleksov, ekologii i paleobiogeografii. Institute for Scientific Research on the Earth's Crust (St Petersburg State University). 1995: 1–156. 
  8. ^ Lee, Y.-N.; Barsbold, R.; Currie, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Lee, H.-J.; Godefroit, P.; Escuillié, F.; Chinzorig, T. Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus. Nature. 2014, 515 (7526): 257–260. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..257L. PMID 25337880. doi:10.1038/nature13874. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Watanabe, A.; Gold, M. E. L. G.; Brusatte, S. L.; Benson, R. B. J.; Choiniere, J.; Davidson, A.; Norell, M. A. Vertebral Pneumaticity in the Ornithomimosaur Archaeornithomimus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Revealed by Computed Tomography Imaging and Reappraisal of Axial Pneumaticity in Ornithomimosauria. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (12): e0145168. PMC 4684312 可免费查阅. PMID 26682888. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145168. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Hartman, S.; Mortimer, M.; Wahl, W. R.; Lomax, D. R.; Lippincott, J.; Lovelace, D. M. A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight. PeerJ. 2019, 7: e7247. PMC 6626525 可免费查阅. PMID 31333906. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. 
  11. ^ Holtz, T. R.; Rey, L.V. Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. Random House. 2007. ISBN 9780375824197.  Genus List for Holtz 2012 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Weight Information （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  12. ^ Zelenitsky, D. K.; Therrien, F.; Erickson, G. M.; DeBuhr, C. L.; Kobayashi, Y.; Eberth, D. A.; Hadfield, F. Feathered Non-Avian Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins. Science. 2012, 338 (6106): 510–514. PMID 23112330. doi:10.1126/science.1225376. 
  13. ^ Van der Reest, A. J.; Wolfe, A. P.; Currie, P. J. A densely feathered ornithomimid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada. Cretaceous Research. 2016, 58: 108–117. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.004. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Norell, M. A.; Makovicky, P. J.; Currie, P. J. The beak of ostrich dinosaurs. Nature. 2001, 412 (6850): 873–874. PMID 11528466. doi:10.1038/35091139. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Barrett, P. M. The diet of ostrich dinosaurs (Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria). Palaeontology. 2005, 48 (2): 347–358. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00448.x. 
  16. ^ Rothschild, B.; Tanke, D. H.; Ford, T. L. Theropod stress fractures and tendon avulsions as a clue to activity. Tanke, D. H.; Carpenter, K.; Skrepnick, M. W. (编). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press. 2001: 331–336. ISBN 9780253339072. 
  17. ^ Guo, Z. X.; Shi, Y. P.; Yang, Y. T.; Jiang, S. Q.; Li, L. B.; Zhao, Z. G. Inversion of the Erlian Basin (NE China) in the early Late Cretaceous: Implications for the collision of the Okhotomorsk Block with East Asia (PDF). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 2018, 154: 49–66 [2020-12-30]. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.12.007. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-09-19）. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Van Itterbeeck, J.; Horne, D. J.; Bultynck, P.; Vandenberghe, N. Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Cretaceous Research. 2005, 26 (4): 699–725 [2020-12-30]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.03.004. （原始内容存档于2021-12-05）. 
  19. ^ Averianov, A.; Sues, H. Correlation of Late Cretaceous continental vertebrate assemblages in Middle and Central Asia (PDF). Journal of Stratigraphy. 2012, 36 (2): 462–485 [2020-12-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-03-07）. 
  20. ^ Funston, G. F.; Currie, P. J.; Ryan, M. J.; Dong, Z.-M. Birdlike growth and mixed-age flocks in avimimids (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria). Scientific Reports. 2019, 9 (18816): 18816. PMC 6906459 可免费查阅. PMID 31827127. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55038-5. 
  21. ^ Xing, H.; He, Y.; Li, L.; Xi, D. A review on the study of the stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleontology of the Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia. Wei, D. (编). Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 2012: 1–44 （中文）. 

Read other articles:

Denial

Assertion that a statement is false For other uses, see Denial (disambiguation), Deny (disambiguation), and Denied (disambiguation). Denies redirects here. Not to be confused with Denys. A 17th century painting depicting the Denial of Peter, a story told in the four Gospels in the New Testament. In it, Peter denies having associated with Jesus, who is being sought by authorities. Denial, in ordinary English usage, has at least three meanings: asserting that any particular statement or allegat...

 

العلاقات البرتغالية المالطية

العلاقات البرتغالية المالطية البرتغال مالطا   البرتغال   مالطا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات البرتغالية المالطية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين البرتغال ومالطا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقا...

 

Cangkul

Pacul cara penggunaan cangkul Cangkul adalah satu jenis alat tradisional yang digunakan dalam pertanian. Cangkul digunakan untuk menggali, membersihkan tanah dari rumput ataupun untuk meratakan tanah. Cangkul masih digunakan hingga kini. Pekerjaan yang lebih berat biasanya menggunakan bajak. Cangkul biasanya terbuat dari kayu dan besi. Pranala luar Scuffle (Dutch) hoe Artikel bertopik alat ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs

Abe Masahiro

Ini adalah nama Jepang, nama keluarganya adalah Abe. Abe MasahiroAbe Masahiro Kepala FukuyamaMasa jabatan31 Januari 1837 – 6 Agustus 1857 PendahuluAbe MasayasuPenggantiAbe Masanori Informasi pribadiLahir(1819-12-03)3 Desember 1819[1]Edo, JepangMeninggal6 Agustus 1857(1857-08-06) (umur 37)[1]Edo, JepangKebangsaanJepangSuami/istriMatsudaira Noriko (ke-1), seorang putri dari Matsudaira Yoshinaga (ke-2)Sunting kotak info • L • B Abe Masahiro (阿部 �...

 

Mauri Pekkarinen

Finnish politician This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. The reason given is: newly added info needs sources in some places. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Mauri Pekkarinen – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JS...

 

Lord of the Flies (1963 film)

1963 film by Peter Brook For the novel, see Lord of the Flies. For the 1990 film, see Lord of the Flies (1990 film). For other uses, see Lord of the Flies (disambiguation). Lord of the FliesTheatrical release posterDirected byPeter BrookWritten byPeter BrookBased onLord of the Fliesby William GoldingProduced byLewis M. AllenStarringJames AubreyTom ChapinHugh EdwardsTom GamanCinematographyTom HollymanEdited byPeter BrookGerald FeilJean-Claude LubtchanskyMusic byRaymond LeppardProductioncompani...

Синелобый амазон

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

 

Membabi Buta

Membabi ButaIndeks kartuSutradaraJoel FadlyProtagonisPrisia NasutionIvanka SuwandiLenny CharlotteProduksi seni pertunjukanDevi MonicaPenampilan perdana4 Mei 2017Bahasa asli (film atau acara televisi)Indonesia Lokasi pemfilmanIndonesia DeskripsiGenrefilm horor Latar tempatIndonesia lbs Membabi Buta (digayakan sebagai Membabi-Buta) merupakan film hantu-seru Indonesia yang dirilis pada 4 Mei 2017 dan disutradarai oleh Joel Fadly. Film ini dibintangi oleh Prisia Nasution, Ivanka Suwandi, dan Len...

 

Dolomit

DolomitDolomit (putih) dengan magnesit (kekuningan) dari SpanyolUmumKategoriMineral karbonatRumus(unit berulang)CaMg(CO3)2Klasifikasi Strunz5.AB.10Sistem kristalTrigonalKelas kristalRhombohedral (3) H-M symbol: (3)Grup ruangR3Sel unita = 4,8012(1), c = 16,002 [Å]; Z = 3IdentifikasiWarnaPutih, abu-abu sampai merah mudaPerawakanKristal berbentuk tabung, sering kali dengan permukaan melengkung, juga berbentuk kolom, mirip stalaktit, granular, padat.Bentuk kembaranCommon as simple...

Caspar Lee

British-South African YouTuber (born 1994) Caspar LeeLee in 2022Personal informationBornCaspar Richard George Lee (1994-04-24) 24 April 1994 (age 30)London, EnglandOriginKnysna, South AfricaNationalityBritishSouth AfricanOccupation(s)YouTuber, entrepreneurYouTube informationChannel Caspar Years active2012–presentGenres Vlog comedy Subscribers6.83 million[1]Total views781 million[1]Associated acts Joe Sugg Zoella PointlessBlog Marcus Butler Troye Sivan Josh Pie...

 

46th Academy Awards

Award ceremony for films of 1973 46th Academy AwardsDateApril 2, 1974SiteDorothy Chandler PavilionLos Angeles, CaliforniaHosted byBurt Reynolds, Diana Ross, John Huston and David NivenProduced byJack Haley Jr.Directed byMarty PasettaHighlightsBest PictureThe StingMost awardsThe Sting (7)Most nominationsThe Exorcist and The Sting (10)TV in the United StatesNetworkNBCDuration3 hours, 23 minutesRatings44.7 million[1] ← 45th Academy Awards 47th → The 46th Academy Awa...

 

National Register of Historic Places listings in Greene County, Tennessee

Location of Greene County in Tennessee This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Greene County, Tennessee. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Greene County, Tennessee, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.[1] There are 17 properties and districts list...

Newfoundland (island)

Island portion of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada This article is about the large island in Newfoundland and Labrador. For the small island that also bears this name, see Newfoundland Island, Labrador. NewfoundlandNickname: The Rock[1][2]Satellite view of NewfoundlandMap of NewfoundlandGeographyLocationAtlantic OceanCoordinates48°36′N 56°20′W / 48.600°N 56.333°W / 48.600; -56.333Area108,860 km2 (42,030 sq mi)Area rank4th largest...

 

Jackson House State Park Heritage Site

Jackson House State Park Heritage SiteLocation in the state of WashingtonShow map of Washington (state)Jackson House State Park Heritage Site (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationLewis County, Washington, United StatesCoordinates46°32′32″N 122°49′15″W / 46.54222°N 122.82083°W / 46.54222; -122.82083[1]Area1.4 acres (0.57 ha)[2]Established1850 (homestead); 1915 (park)[3]Named forJohn R. Jackson (builder and hom...

 

Air Force Space Surveillance System

U.S. government radar system to detect orbital objects Part of the master transmitter antenna at Lake Kickapoo, Texas c.2001 The AN/FPS-133 Air Force Space Surveillance System, colloquially known as the Space Fence, was a U.S. government multistatic radar system built to detect orbital objects passing over America. It is a component of the U.S. space surveillance network, and according to the U.S. Navy was able to detect basketball sized (75 cm (30 in)) objects at heights up to 30,0...

Kozo Yuki

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2017. Kozo YukiInformasi pribadiNama lengkap Kozo YukiTanggal lahir 23 Januari 1979 (umur 45)Tempat lahir Prefektur Kanagawa, JepangPosisi bermain BekKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2002-2008 JEF United Chiba 2008 Sanfrecce Hiroshima 2009-2010 Fortuna...

 

Miiko Taka

Miiko TakaMiiko Taka pada tahun 1958Lahir24 Juli 1925 (umur 98)Seattle, Washington, ASNama lainBetty IshimotoTahun aktif1957–1982Suami/istriDale Ishimoto (1944–1958)Lennie Blondheim (1963–sekarang) Miiko Taka (高美以子code: ja is deprecated , Taka Miiko) (nama lahir Miiko Shikata[1] lahir 24 Juli 1925 – 2023), adalah seorang aktris Jepang Amerika. Ia dikenal karena beradu peran dengan Marlon Brando sebagai Hana-ogi dalam film tahun 1957 Sayonara. Referensi ...

 

County Kent, Maryland

Kent County, MarylandPengadilan Kent County di Chestertown BenderaSealLokasi di negara bagian MarylandLokasi negara bagian Maryland di Amerika SerikatDidirikan1642Asal namaKentSeatChestertowntown terbesarChestertownWilayah • Keseluruhan41.431 sq mi (107.306 km2) • Daratan27.943 sq mi (72.372 km2) • Perairan13.487 sq mi (34.931 km2), 32.55%Populasi • (2010)20.197 • Kepadatan72/sq mi (2...

Gijs de Vries

Dutch politician and diplomat In this Dutch name, the surname is De Vries, not Vries. Gijs de VriesMember of the European Court of AuditorsIn office1 January 2011 – 1 January 2014Member of the Court of AuditIn office1 January 2008 – 1 January 2011European Union Counter-terrorism CoordinatorIn office25 March 2004 – 1 March 2007Secretary-GeneralJavier SolanaPreceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byGilles de KerchoveMember of the House of RepresentativesIn office...

 

Dial-a-Phone

UK phone retailer This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Dial-a-Phone – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) DialaPhoneIndustryTelecommunicationsFounded1995FounderJonathan Beck and Richard FrankDefunct15 September 2014FateDefunct (ba...