Limba lituaniană

Limba lituaniană
lietuvių kalba
Pronunție[lʲɪɛˈtʊvʲuː kɐɫˈbɐ]
Vorbită înLituania Lituania
Letonia Letonia
Polonia Polonia
Belarus Belarus
 Uniunea Europeană
RegiuniEuropa de Nord: Regiunea Baltică
Număr de vorbitori3 milioane (2012)
Clasificare
Indo-Europene
Statut oficial și codificare
Limbă oficială înLituania, UE
Organ de
reglementare
Comisia de Stat pentru Limba Lituaniană[*]  Modificați la Wikidata
ISO 639-1lt
ISO 639-2lit
ISO 639-3
(cel mai
răspândit dialect)
lit
SILLIT
Extras
Declarația Universală a Drepturilor Omului - Articolul 1
Visi žmonės gimsta laisvi ir lygūs orumui ir teisėms. Jie yra apdovanoti protu ir sąžine ir turėtų veikti vienas kito atžvilgiu brolybės dvasia.
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Limba lituaniană (în lituaniană lietuvių kalba [lʲiət̪ˈuvʲuː kɐɫ̪ˈbɐ]) este o limbă vorbită majoritar în Lituania și în părți ale Kaliningradului și ale Poloniei. Face parte din ramura baltică a limbilor indo-europene. Este limba oficială a Lituaniei și una dintre limbile oficiale ale UE.

Istoric

Lituaniana poartă la toate dintre limbile înrudite o afinitate mai puternică, nu numai în rădăcinile de verbe, dar și în forme structurale gramaticale și morfologice de cuvinte. Lituaniana este o limbă indo-europeană, anumiți lingviști considerând că această limbă a fost nescrisă pentru multe secole. Cu toate acestea, ultimele investigații lingvistice au dovedit că limba lituaniană a fost scrisă chiar înainte de epoca creștină, deși este dificil de aprobat acest lucru.

Fonologie

Consoane

Consoanele lithuaniane
  Labiale Dentale Alveolare Palatale Velare
tare moale tare moale tare moale tare moale
Nazale m n̪ʲ
Oclusive surdă p t̪ʲ k
sonoră b d̪ʲ ɡ ɡʲ
Africate surdă   t̪͡s̪ t̪͡s̪ʲ t͡ʃ t͡ɕ
sonoră   d̪͡z̪ d̪͡z̪ʲ d͡ʒ d͡ʑ
Fricative surdă (f) () s̪ʲ ʃ ɕ (x) ()
sonoră v z̪ʲ ʒ ʑ j (ɣ) (ɣʲ)
Sonante ɫ̪
Vibrante     r

Vocale

Vocalele lithuaniane
  Anterioare Centrale Posterioare
Închise ɪ   ʊ
Mijlocii ɛ, (e)   (ɔ)
Deschise æː ɐ ä  

Alfabet

Alfabetul limbii lituaniene este următorul:

  • Aa [ɐ], [äː]
  • Ąą [äː]
  • Bb [b]
  • Cc [t̪͡s̪]
  • Čč [t͡ʃ]
  • Dd [d̪]
  • Ee [ʲɛ], [ʲɛː], [ʲæ:]
  • Ęę [ʲɛː], [ʲæ:]
  • Ėė [ʲe:]
  • Ff [f]
  • Gg [g]
  • Hh [ɣ]
  • Ii [ʲɪ], [ʲ] între o consoană și una dintre aceste vocale: a, ą, o, u, ų, ū. de exemplu: smėlio [ˈsʲmʲeːlʲoː] 'nisipului'
  • Įį [ʲiː]
  • Yy [ʲiː]
  • Jj [j]
  • Kk [k]
  • Ll [ɫ], [lʲ]
  • Mm [m]
  • Nn [n̪]
  • Oo [ɔ], [o:]
  • Pp [p]
  • Rr [r]
  • Ss [s̪]
  • Šš [ʃ]
  • Tt [t̪]
  • Uu [u]
  • Ųų [uː]
  • Ūū [u:]
  • Vv [v]
  • Zz [z̪]
  • Žž [ʒ]

Gramatică


Substantive

Declinare

Verbe

Adjective

Declinare

Prepoziții

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