Limba nordică veche

Nordică veche
dǫnsk tunga, dansk tunga (limba daneză), norrœnt mál (limba nordică)
Vorbită înScandinavia, Islanda, Insulele Feroe, Irlanda, Anglia și Țara Galilor, Insula Man, Normandia, Vinland, Volga
Perioadă de existență800 d.H.- ca. 1300
Sistem de scrierescriere runică, mai apoi alfabetul latin
Clasificare
Limbile indo-europene
Statut oficial și codificare
ISO 639-2non
ISO 639-3
(cel mai
răspândit dialect)		non
Răspândire în lume
Răspândire în lume
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Limba nordică veche este o limbă germanică de nord, care era vorbită de scandinavi și de locuitorii teritoriilor ocupate de vikingi până prin 1300. Schimbările care deosebesc limba nordică veche de limba proto-nordică au fost terminate cam prin sec. al VIII-lea, iar o a doua perioadă de tranziție a fost de la mijlocul până la sfârșitul sec. al XIV-lea, când limbile germanice de nord moderne s-au izolat întratât încât au devenit limbi de sine stătătoare.

Dialectele limbii nordice vechi ca. 900 d.H. Zona roşie: dialectul nordic vechi de vest, zona roz deschis: dialectul gutnic vechi, zona portocalie: dialectul nordic vechi de est, zona albastră: gotica din Crimeea, zona galbenă: engleza veche verde: alte limbi germanice

Majoritatea vorbitorilor vorbeau dialectul nordic vechi de est, în regiunea unde care sunt actualmente Suedia și Danemarca. Dar între cele două dialecte majore (de est și de vest) nu existau granițe clar definite.

Cu timpul limba nordică veche s-a împărțit în limba suedeză, limba daneză, limba faroeză, limba islandeză și limba norvegiană.

Fonologia

Vocale

Vocalele nordicei vechi
  Vocale anterioare Vocale posterioare
Nerotunjite Rotunjite Nerotunjite Rotunjite
Închise i iː y yː     u uː
Semideschise e eː ø øː     o oː
Deschise   æː     a aː ɒ (ɒː)

Consoane

  Labiale Den­tale Al­veo­lare Pa­la­tale Ve­lare Labiovelare Glotale
Ocluzionale p b t d k g
Nazale    m    n    (ŋ)
Fricative f (v) θ (ð) s (x) (ɣ) h
Vibrante    r
Aprox­imante    j    w
Lateral aproximante    l

Ortografia

Consoane
Foneme sec. 9-10 sec. 11-13 sec. 12-14 Nordica veche standardizată
/p/ ᛒ ᛔ, ᛕ p p
/b/ ᛒ ᛒ b b
/f/ ᚠ ᚠ f f
/v/ ᚠ ᚡ f, ff, u, ffu f
/t/ ᛏ ᛐ t t
/d/ ᛏ ᛑ d d
/θ/ ᚦ ᚦ þ, th þ
/ð/ ᚦ ᚧ þ, th ð
/s/ ᛋ ᛌ s s
/ts/ ᛋ ᛌ s, z z
/k/ ᚴ ᚴ k, c k
/g/ ᚴ ᚵ g g
/ɣ/ ᚴ ᚵ g, gh g
/h/ ᚼ ᚼ h h
/m/ ᛘ ᛘ m m
/n/ ᚾ ᚿ n n
/r/ ᚱ ᚱ r r
/ɽ/ ᛦ ᛧ r r
/l/ ᛚ ᛚ l l
/j/ ᛁ ᛁ i j
/w/ ᚢ ᚢ u, w, ƿ v
Vocale
Foneme sec. 9-10 sec. 11-13 sec. 12-14 Nordica veche de vest tipărită
/iː/ ᛁ ᛁ i, ii, í í
/i/ ᛁ ᛁ i i
/i/ (unstressed) ᛁ ᛁ , ᛅ i, e, æ i
/eː/ ᛁ ᚽ e, ee, é, æ, ææ é
/e/ ᛁ, ᛁᚬ ᛅ e, æ e
/æː/ ᛅ, ᚬ ᛅ æ, ææ, ę æ
/æ/ ᛅ, ᚬ ᛅ e, ę e
/aː/ ᛅ, ᚬ ᛆ a, aa á
/a/ ᛅ, ᚬ ᛆ a a
/a/ (unstressed) ᛅ, ᚬ ᛆ a, æ a
/yː/ ᚢ ᚤ, ᛦ y, yy ý
/y/ ᚢ ᚤ, ᛦ y y
/øː/ ᚢ ᚯ ø, øø, ǿ, ǫ œ
/ø/ ᚢ , ᛅᚢ ᚯ ø, ǫ ø
/uː/ ᚢ ᚢ u, uu, ú ú
/u/ ᚢ ᚢ u u
/u/ (unstressed) ᚢ ᚢ, ᚮ u, o u
/oː/ ᚢ ᚮ o, oo, ó ó
/o/ ᚢ ᚮ o o
/ɒː/ > /aː/ ᛅ, ᛅᚢ ᛆ a, aa, á, ó á, ǫ́
/ɒ/ ᛅ, ᛅᚢ ᛆ W ǫ, o / E a, ø ǫ
/juː/ ᛁ ᚢ ᛁ ᚢ iu, iú jú
/joː/ ᛁ ᚢ ᛁ ᚢ W io, ió / E iu jó
/jɒ/ ᛁ ᛅ ᛁ ᛆ W io, iǫ / E io, iø jǫ
/ja/ ᛁ ᛅ ᛁ ᛆ ia ja
/æi/ ᛅᛁ ᛅᛁ / ᚽ W ei / E e, ee e
/ɒu/ ᛅᚢ ᛆᚢ / ᚯ W au / E ø, øø au
/øy/ ᛅᚢ ᛆᚢ / ᚯ W ey / E ø, øø ey

Vezi și

Bibliografie

Introduceri
  • E.V. Gordon și A.R. Taylor. An Introduction to Old Norse. Second. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.
  • O'Donoghue, Heather. Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Short Introduction (Blackwell Introductions to Literature) Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2004.
  • Henry Sweet, An Icelandic Primer, with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary (1895)
  • Torp, Arne, Lars S. Vikør (1993), Hovuddrag i norsk språkhistorie (3.utgåve), Gyldendal Norsk Forlag AS 2003
Dicționare
  • Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson, An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
  • G. T. Zoëga, A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic (1910)
  • Jan de Vries, Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (1977)

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