Maniqueísmo

O maniqueísmo é uma filosofia religiosa sincrética e dualística fundada e propagada por Manes ou Maniqueu, filósofo heresiarca do século III, que divide o mundo simplesmente entre Bom, ou Deus, e Mau, ou Diabo. A matéria é intrinsecamente má, e o espírito, intrinsecamente bom. Com a popularização do termo, maniqueísta passou a ser um adjetivo usado para descrever todas as doutrinas fundamentadas nos dois princípios opostos do Bem e do Mal.

História

Manes

Quando o gnosticismo primitivo já perdia a sua influência no mundo circum-mediterrâneo, surgiu na Babilônia e na Pérsia, no século III, uma nova vertente, o maniqueísmo.

O seu fundador foi o profeta persa Mani (ou Manés) e as suas ideias sincretizavam elementos do zoroastrismo, do hinduísmo, do budismo, do judaísmo e do cristianismo. Desse modo, Mani considerava Zoroastro, Buda e Jesus como "pais da Justiça", e pretendia, através de uma revelação divina, purificar e superar as mensagens individuais de cada um deles, anunciando uma verdade completa.

Conforme as suas ideias, a fusão dos dois elementos primordiais, o reino da luz e o reino das trevas, teria originado o mundo material, essencialmente mau. Para redimir os homens de sua existência imperfeita, os "pais da Justiça" haviam vindo à Terra, mas como a mensagem deles havia sido corrompida, Mani viera a fim de completar a missão deles, como o Paráclito prometido por Cristo, e trouxera segredos para a purificação da luz, apenas destinados aos eleitos que praticassem uma rigorosa vida ascética. Os impuros, no máximo podiam vir a ser catecúmenos e ouvintes, obrigados apenas à observância dos dez mandamentos (citados abaixo).

As ideias maniqueístas espalharam-se desde as fronteiras com a China até ao Norte d'África. Mani acabou crucificado no final do século III, e os seus adeptos sofreram perseguições na Babilónia e no Império Romano, neste último nomeadamente sob o governo do Imperador Diocleciano e, posteriormente, os imperadores cristãos. Apesar da igreja ter condenado esta doutrina como herética em diversos sínodos desde o século IV, ela permaneceu viva até à Idade Média.

Agostinho de Hipona foi adepto do maniqueísmo até se decidir de vez pelo cristianismo. [1]

Maniqueísmo e gnosticismo

O dualismo maniqueísta - cuja origem provém do elcasaismo do século II[2] como prova o facto de extractos do Apocalipse de Elkasaï se encontrarem no codex de Manis conhecido como Vita Mani - diferencia-se do dualismo gnóstico uma vez que, se para este último, a divindade é superior ao demiurgo criador, para o primeiro trata-se de dois princípios igualmente poderosos, sem que haja subordinação, apenas igualdade de origens.

Referências

  1. AGOSTINHO, Confissões.
  2. Simon Claude Mimouni, Les chrétiens d'origine juive dans l'antiquité, Paris, Albin michel, p. 228.
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