Verbum Theodisci originem a verbo Germanicothioda 'populus' repetit, et in usum venit ad linguam gentium Germanicarum Europam mediam inhabitantium denotandam, quae Lingua Latina sive Romanicis non locutae sunt.
Regio in qua varietates linguae "Thiodisk" continuum dialectorum effecerunt primo diutschiu lant (pl. terrae Theodiscae), a saeculo decimo quintoDeutschland appellabatur.
Verbum forma Latina (Theodisce) primo anno 786 in relatione cuiusdam nuntii papalis nomine Gregorio Ostiensi invenitur, sed non liquet, an iam linguam Germaniae significet. Quod clarius esse videtur in libello anni 788, quo Tassilo III dux Bavariae in Dieta ad Angulisamum habita desertionis accusatus est: "quod theodisca lingua harisliz dicitur"; a Caroli Magni tempore quidem "theodisca lingua" erat publica linguae Franconicae antiquae appellatio. A saeculo octavo exeunti, saepius saepiusque ad linguam Germaniae denotandam adhibetur. Demum ab aevo Renascentiae etiam "lingua Germanica"[8] in usu venit.
Ab aliis linguis partim "theodisca" recepta est (Danice: tysk; Italiane: tedesco; et multae aliae linguae), partim autem varia Germaniae fortuna aliae appellationes in usu venerunt:
1350–1650: Lingua Theodisca alta recens (antiquior)
ab anno 1650: Lingua Theodisca alta recens (hodierna)
Lingua Theodisca alta et Lingua Saxonica
Lingua Theodisca in duas linguarum categorias divisa est, in dialectos Theodiscas altas et in dialectos linguae Saxonicae. Ad linguam Theodiscam altam omnes dialecti Germanicae occidentales in continente pertinent, quae Medio Aevo ineunti Consonantium mutatione Theodisca affectae sunt (Alemannica; Bavarica; Franconica orientalis, media, Rhenana; Theodisca media orientalis). Dialecti, quae hac consonantium mutatione non (sive paene) affectae sunt, Latine lingua Saxonica, Theodisce ab Aevo Novo ineunti Niederdeutsch ('Theodisca humilis sive inferior') nominantur.
Quod Germania mediaevalis in multa territoria diffissa erat, dialecti, quae partim valde inter se differebant, simul exstabant. Poetae aulici Theodiscae altae mediae (circa annum 1200) interdum verba ac proprietates dialectales fugisse videntur, ut quam plurimis locis intellegerentur. Lingua autem normata demum ab Medio Aevo exeunti progressa est.
Cum lingua normata plurimarum Europae civitatum e dialecto cuiusque earum capitis exiret, lingua Theodisca hodierna (normata) quaedam mixtura est dialectorum Theodiscae mediae ac superioris a Linea Benrathensi in meridiem versus et "Dachsprache" (lingua tectoria) multarum dialectorum fungitur.
In Germania septentrionali lingua Theodisca normata vernaculam linguam Saxonicam a Reformatione incipiens ex usu publico ac scholastico magna ex parte dimovit. Hansa florente lingua Saxonica fuerat lingua franca tota marium Germanici ac Baltici regione. Cum Nederlandia civitas libera facta esset, dialecti intestinae linguae Theodiscae resistere potuerunt, ex quibus lingua Batava orta est.
Bibliorum in linguam Theodiscam versio a Martino Luthero (1483–1546) facta maximi momenti erat ad dialectos Theodiscas altas aequandas, quia late diffusa linguae exemplari fungebatur. Iam sub annum 1350 quidem initia linguae transregionalis, quae pervestigatio scientifica linguam Theodiscam altam recentem maturam (Frühneuhochdeutsch) nominat, inveniuntur. Praecipue in regionibus Danuvio flumini adiacentibus haec dialectorum aequatio longe progressa erat.
Linguae Theodiscae altae incrementum (quoad linguam politam ac accuratam) saeculo decimo septimo maxima ex parte finem habuit. Saeculo duodevicesimo pristina consuetudo litteras inserendi, quae pronuntiationi nullo auxilio erant (kräfftig pro kräftig,hertzkranck pro herzkrank,Alterthum pro Altertum, etc.), abolita est, quo modus scribendi ex tunc paene mutatus ortus est.
Transitus a lingua Theodisca alta media in Theodiscam altam recentem maturam quoad phonemata praecipue a monophthongizatione et diphthongizatione notus est. Utrique est phaenomenon systematis vocalium. Cum diphthongizatio ab austro-orientali linguae regione exiens septentrionalis Saxonica ac austro-occidentalis Alemannica non interfuissent, monophthongizatio a regio linguae Theodiscae media egressa est.
Septentrio Saxonica et consonantibus et vocalibus in statu linguae antiquo permanet. Regio Alemannica austro-occidentalis tantum mutationibus vocalibus non interfuit, austro-orientalis Bavarica linguae Theodiscae diphthongizationem contulit, monophthongizationi autem non interfuit.
Aliarum linguarum effectus in lingua Theodisca
Lingua Theodisca, quippe quae media in Europa diffusa est, per saecula ab aliis linguis tacta est.
Antiquitate Posteriori et Medio Aevo imprimis erat lingua Latina (una cum verbis e lingua Graeca oriundis), ex qua lingua Theodisca multa hauriebat. Abecedarium Latinum, orthographia verborum Graecorum (ph, th, ch, rh, y, sicut Athlet, Rhythmus), plurima verba sive ad sermonem cotidianum (fenestra > Fenster, murus > Mauer, vinum > Wein) et ecclesiasticum (missa > Messe, schola > Schule) sive ad alias vitae regiones pertinentia (processus > Prozess, facit > Fazit; per pedes, pro forma, contra leges) recepta sunt. Ad hoc veniunt numerosae versiones "mutuae": bene-ficium > Wohl-tat, im-pressio > Ein-druck; in eadem navi esse > im gleichen Boot sitzen, manus manum lavat > eine Hand wäscht die andere. Saepe verba Graeco-Latina notiones Theodiscas demoverunt: Arzt (< archiater), Mediziner (< medicus) et Doktor (< doctor) e.g. locum verborum Laachi et Bader suppleverunt.
Postea lingua Francica magnam vim in linguam Theodiscam exercuit. Cum bello tricennali confecto multis in aulis Francice locuti sint et – secundum Voltarium[11] – lingua Theodisca non nisi ad milites ac equos alloquendos adhiberetur, multa verba Francica in linguam Theodiscam pervenerunt ut puta Boulevard (gestatio), Konfitüre (poma decocta), Trottoir (trames, viae margo).
Etiam e linguis Slavicis (Grenze / confinium, Gurke / cucumis, Pistole / pistolium), e lingua Iudaeogermanica et Rotwelsch (meschugge / fatuus, Kaff / miser vicus, Schickse / meretricula, Schlamassel / miseria, Zoff / rixa) et lingua Arabica (Magazin / horreum, Tarif / formula, Kaffee / coffeum, Algebra etc.) verba recepta sunt, multo pauciora tamen.
A saeculo vicesimo medio affectio linguae Anglicae increscebat, quod a quibusdam carpitur, praesertim cum satis synonymorum Theodiscorum adsit. Sunt etiam verba Anglica "fucata", quae dicuntur, ut puta Handy pro telephono gestabili (quod Anglice re vera mobile phone sive cell phone vocatur).
Praeterea sunt numerosa verba variis ex linguis, quae rebus mercatura importatis accepta sunt, ut puta Ananas, Kaschu sive Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) et Maniok (Mandioca) ex lingua Tupi.
Orthographia theodisca alta saeculo undevicesimo magis magisque normata est. Conradus Duden anno 1880 Orthographicum linguae Theodiscae lexicon ("Orthographischen Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache") publicavit, quod anno 1901 paucis mutatis fundamentum orthographiae publicae declarata est.[13] Tamen non ab omnibus neque ubique respectum est: Erant – et sunt - alia lexica in variis linguae Theodiscae regionibus,[14] quae inter alia orthographia (Latine biscoctum: Keeks, Cakes, Kakes, hodie Keks), usu verborum regionalium (Latine lanius: Fleischer, Fleischhauer, Fleischhacker, hodie 'Fleischer', 'Metzger', 'Fleischhauer', 'Fleischhacker') ac tractatione nominum propriorum (Göthe pro Goethe,Bismark pro Bismarck) differunt.
Annis 1996, 2004, et 2006, orthographia Theodisca alta renovata est, multis dissentientibus.
Aliter ac lingua Theodisca alta lingua Saxonica normata non est, ab anno 1956 autem Regulae linguae Saxonicae scribendae ("Regeln für die plattdeutsche Rechtschreibung") Hamburgi editae et lexicon a Ioanne Saß compositum multum ad linguam normandam valent.
Linguae Theodiscae in orbe terrarum diffusio numero loquentium addito[17]
Africa Australis 300000–500000 (decies centena milia hominum origine Germana)
Argentinia 330000–350000 (circiter 1.5 decies centena milia hominum origine Germana)
Australia circiter 78000 incolarum domi Theodisce loquuntur, forsitan 200000 lingua Theodisca materna est; usque ad 2 decies centena milia hominum origine Germana (multi eorum circa Adelhaidem, sed etiam in Terra Reginae)
Austria 7.57 decies centena milia (Theodisca est lingua publica una cum aliis linguis minoritariis.)
Numeri in tabula maxima ex parte aestimati sunt, cum numerus exactus inveniri non possit.
Lingua Theodisca in Unione Europaea
Lingua Theodisca una ex viginti tribus linguis publicis et aeque atque AnglicaFrancicaquelingua agendiUnionis Europaeae est. Theodisca est lingua, qua plurimi incolae Unionis Europaeae patrio sermone utuntur; omnium, qui linguis maximis loqui sciunt, vix pauciores Theodisce quam Anglice loquuntur et multo plures quam Francice.
↑Duden: Das Aussprachewörterbuch (7a ed.). 2015. pp. 306, 49f..
↑Thomas Marten, Fritz Joachim Sauer (Ed.): Länderkunde Deutschland, Österreich und Schweiz (mit Liechtenstein) im Querschnitt. Inform-Verlag, Berolini 2005, ISBN 3-9805843-1-3, p. 7.
↑Traupman, Iohannes. [2003]. Colloquia Latine Exercito Orali, editio tertia (Anglice: Conversational Latin for Oral Proficiency, Third Edition.). pp 312. Vauconda, IL: Editores Bolchazy-Carducci. ISBN 086516438X.
↑Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009) (16 ed.). Dallasiae in Texia: SIL International.
↑Marten, Thomas; Sauer, Fritz Joachim, eds. (2005). Länderkunde - Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz und Liechtenstein im Querschnitt. Berolini: Inform-Verlag. p. 7. ISBN3980584313.
↑Appellatione lingua Germanica praeterea unaquaeque lingua orta e lingua Germanorum antiquorum nominatur. Omni huic familiae omnino decem linguae attribuuntur, quas magnas linguas Germanicas appellare solemus. Quarum linguam Anglicam pro numero loquentium facile principem esse constat. Sed etiam linguae, quae aliquando post ex his magnis profectae sunt, Germanicae et sunt et dicuntur.
↑Hodie Duden es domus editoria multa ad linguam Theodiscam spectantia praebens, vide Duden.
↑Ut puta in Austria: Anno 1904 lexicon "Regeln für die deutsche Rechtschreibung nebst Wörterverzeichnis – Ausgabe mit einheitlichen Schreibweisen" editum est, anno 1951 "Österreichisches Wörterbuch2, quod normas linguae Theodiscae in Austria constituit ac nunc (2011) editione 41. gaudet.
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