Tetraidrofurano

Disambiguazione – "Ossolano" rimanda qui. Se stai cercando l'omonimo formaggio della Val d'Ossola, vedi Ossolano (formaggio).
Tetraidrofurano
formula di struttura e modello molecolare
formula di struttura e modello molecolare
Nome IUPAC
Ossolano
Abbreviazioni
THF
Nomi alternativi
Tetraidrofurano
Ossido di tetrametilene
Ossaciclopentano
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC4H8O
Massa molecolare (u)72,11
Aspettoliquido incolore
Numero CAS109-99-9
Numero EINECS203-726-8
PubChem8028
SMILES
C1CCOC1
Proprietà chimico-fisiche
Densità (g/cm3, in c.s.)0,89
Indice di rifrazione1,407 a 20 °C
Solubilità in acquacompletamente solubile
Temperatura di fusione−108,5 °C (164,5 K)
Temperatura di ebollizione65 °C (339 K)
ΔebH0 (kJ·mol−1)5,7
Punto criticoT = 541 K (267.85 °C), P = 5,2 MPa[1]
Tensione di vapore (Pa) a 293 K17300
Viscosità cinematica (m2/s a 25 °C °C)55[1]
Proprietà termochimiche
ΔfH0 (kJ·mol−1)−216,2
S0m(J·K−1mol−1)204,3
C0p,m(J·K−1mol−1)124
Indicazioni di sicurezza
Punto di fiamma−21,5 °C (251,5 K)
Limiti di esplosione1,5 - 12,4% vol.
Temperatura di autoignizione231 °C (504 K)
Simboli di rischio chimico
facilmente infiammabile irritante
pericolo
Frasi H225 - 302 - 319 - 335 - 351 - EUH019
Consigli P210 - 280 - 301+312+330 - 305+351+338 - 370+378 - 403+235 [2]

Il tetraidrofurano (nome tradizionale: ossolano[3]), noto anche come THF, è un etere ciclico ed è anche il prodotto di completa idrogenazione del furano. Il suo analogo a catena aperta è l'etere dietilico. Il suo omologo a sei termini è il tetraidropirano, l'analogo a quattro termini è l'ossetano. Un dietere ciclico ad esso accostabile come solvente è il diossano.

A temperatura ambiente è un liquido incolore dall'odore etereo un po' pungente [4], abbastanza volatile, facilmente infiammabile. La molecola è più polare (μ = 1,75 D) [5] dell'etere dietilico (μ = 1,15 D), ma il liquido ha scarsa costante dielettricar = 7,4), comunque maggiore dell'etere (εr = 4,3).

È solubile in acqua in ogni proporzione, a differenza dell'etere dietilico. Il suo analogo solforato, il tetraidrotiofene, nonostante abbia momento dipolare maggiore (μ = 1,90 D) è invece praticamente insolubile in acqua. Come tutti gli eteri resiste benissimo agli ambienti anche fortemente basici mentre, in ambiente fortemente acido e a caldo, può sommare una molecola d'acqua con apertura d'anello a dare 1,4-butandiolo.

Ottenuto per idrogenazione catalitica del furano, trova principalmente impiego come solvente polare aprotico, spesso usato nella preparazione di reattivi di Grignard e la successiva condotta di reazione, nella preparazione di butillitio, fenillitio e simili e come mezzo di reazione per boroidruri e alluminioidruri di litio, e per le reazioni di idroborazione. Essendo una base di Lewis migliore dell'etere dietilico [6] e, come tale, un miglior complessante per ioni Li+ e Mg++, la sua presenza esalta la nucleofilia dei controioni (anioni) presenti R-, BH4-, AlH4-.

Esposto all'aria tende, col tempo, a formare perossidi che possono decomporsi anche violentemente, per questo viene inibito con butilidrossitoluene o conservato in bottiglie a tenuta d'aria su dell'idrossido di sodio.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Ian M. Smallwood, Handbook of organic solvent properties, London, Arnold, 1996, pp. 237.
  2. ^ scheda del tetraidrofurano su IFA-GESTIS Archiviato il 16 ottobre 2019 in Internet Archive.
  3. ^ Henri A Favre e Warren H Powell, Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (RSC Publishing) Henri A Favre, Warren H Powell, DOI:10.1039/9781849733069. URL consultato il 22 gennaio 2016.
  4. ^ (EN) PubChem, Tetrahydrofuran, su pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. URL consultato il 27 giugno 2020.
  5. ^ (EN) PubChem, Tetrahydrofuran, su pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. URL consultato il 24 giugno 2020.
  6. ^ Brett L. Lucht e David B. Collum, Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide: A View of Lithium Ion Solvation through a Glass-Bottom Boat, in Accounts of Chemical Research, vol. 32, n. 12, 1º dicembre 1999, pp. 1035–1042, DOI:10.1021/ar960300e. URL consultato il 27 giugno 2020.

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Controllo di autoritàLCCN (ENsh85134200 · GND (DE4184893-7 · J9U (ENHE987007531882505171
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