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Tipepidine
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Routes of; administration	Oral
ATC code	R05DB24 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only);
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 3-(di-2-thienylmethylene)-1-methylpiperidine;
CAS Number	5169-78-8 ;
PubChem CID	5484;
ChemSpider	5284 ;
UNII	2260ZP67IT;
KEGG	D08604 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2022626 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C15H17NS2
Molar mass	275.43 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES s1cccc1/C(c2sccc2)=C3\CCCN(C)C3;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H17NS2/c1-16-8-2-5-12(11-16)15(13-6-3-9-17-13)14-7-4-10-18-14/h3-4,6-7,9-10H,2,5,8,11H2,1H3 ; Key:JWIXXNLOKOAAQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	(verify)

Tipepidine (INN) (brand names Asverin, Antupex, Asvelik, Asvex, Bitiodin, Cofdenin A, Hustel, Nodal, Sotal), also known as tipepidine hibenzate (JAN), is a synthetic, non-opioid antitussive and expectorant of the thiambutene class.^[1]^[2] It acts as an inhibitor of G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs).^[3] The drug was discovered in the 1950s,^[4] and was developed in Japan in 1959.^[5] It is used as the hibenzate and citrate salts.^[1]^[5]

The usual dose is 20 mg every 4–6 hours.^{[citation needed]} Possible side effects of tipepidine, especially in overdose, may include drowsiness, vertigo, delirium, disorientation, loss of consciousness, and confusion.^[5]

Tipepidine has been investigated as a potential psychiatric drug. It is being investigated in depression,^[3]^[6]^[7] obsessive-compulsive disorder,^[8] and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).^[9]^[10]^[11] Through inhibition of GIRK channels, tipepidine increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, but without increasing locomotor activity or producing methamphetamine-like behavioral sensitization, and this action appears to be at least partly responsible for its antidepressant-like effects in rodents.^[12]^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b Ganellin CR, Triggle DJ (21 November 1996). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. CRC Press. pp. 1988–. ISBN 978-0-412-46630-4.
^ Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 1649–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
^ ^a ^b Kawaura K, Ogata Y, Inoue M, Honda S, Soeda F, Shirasaki T, Takahama K (December 2009). "The centrally acting non-narcotic antitussive tipepidine produces antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test in rats". Behavioural Brain Research. 205 (1): 315–318. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.07.004. PMID 19616036. S2CID 29236491.
^ ES 272195, "Procedure for the preparation of a new piperidine derivative of anti-nutritional activity", published 1 March 1962, assigned to Antonio Gallardo SA.
^ ^a ^b ^c Imai Y, Ishii W, Endo A, Arakawa C, Kohira R, Fujita Y, et al. (October 2011). "Tipepidine hibenzate intoxication". Pediatrics International. 53 (5): 779–781. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2010.03297.x. PMID 21955016. S2CID 205484528.
^ Kawaura K, Honda S, Soeda F, Shirasaki T, Takahama K (May 2010). "[Novel antidepressant-like action of drugs possessing GIRK channel blocking action in rats]". Yakugaku Zasshi. 130 (5): 699–705. doi:10.1248/yakushi.130.699. PMID 20460867.
^ Sasaki T, Hashimoto K, Tachibana M, Kurata T, Kimura H, Komatsu H, et al. (2014). "Tipepidine in adolescent patients with depression: a 4 week, open-label, preliminary study". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 10: 719–722. doi:10.2147/NDT.S63075. PMC 4015794. PMID 24833905.
^ Honda S, Kawaura K, Soeda F, Shirasaki T, Takahama K (January 2011). "The potent inhibitory effect of tipepidine on marble-burying behavior in mice". Behavioural Brain Research. 216 (1): 308–312. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.08.010. PMID 20713091. S2CID 21118027.
^ Sasaki T, Hashimoto K, Tachibana M, Kurata T, Okawada K, Ishikawa M, et al. (2014). "Tipepidine in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 4-week, open-label, preliminary study". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 10: 147–151. doi:10.2147/NDT.S58480. PMC 3908907. PMID 24493927.
^ Hashimoto K, Sasaki T (February 2015). "Old drug tipepidine as new hope for children with ADHD". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (2): 181–182. doi:10.1177/0004867414553952. PMID 25280911. S2CID 8496750.
^ Dehbozorghi S, Bagheri S, Moradi K, Shokraee K, Mohammadi MR, Akhondzadeh S (November 2019). "Efficacy and safety of tipepidine as adjunctive therapy in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 73 (11): 690–696. doi:10.1111/pcn.12913. PMID 31294924. S2CID 195879810.
^ Hamasaki R, Shirasaki T, Soeda F, Takahama K (November 2013). "Tipepidine activates VTA dopamine neuron via inhibiting dopamine D₂ receptor-mediated inward rectifying K⁺ current". Neuroscience. 252: 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.044. PMID 23896570. S2CID 207253362.
^ Hamao K, Kawaura K, Soeda F, Hamasaki R, Shirasaki T, Takahama K (May 2015). "Tipepidine increases dopamine level in the nucleus accumbens without methamphetamine-like behavioral sensitization". Behavioural Brain Research. 284: 118–124. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.012. PMID 25687844. S2CID 22324207.