Tarrañolas

Xograresa con tarrañolas acompañando un xograr de óboe. Cantigas de Santa María.

As tarrañolas son un instrumento de percusión idiófono empregado en diversas culturas musicais. Consiste en dúas lamelas que se colocan entre os dedos da man e fanse soar movendo a man, producindo un son seco.

Xeito de tocar

Xeito habitual de coller as tarrañolas

Para tocalas, as lamelas colócanse entre os dedos índice e o medio e entre o medio e o anular (Nalgunhas variantes as lamelas teñen unha fenda para mellor suxeitar) . O dedo medio mantén fixa unha delas contra a palma a man, mentres que a outra queda ceibe. Movendo a man con golpes rápidos as lamelas chocan entre elas producindo o seu son seco característico.

Tócanse tanto cunha soa man o a pares, permitino deste xeito maior xogo de ritmos e incluso de son, o permitir tocar tarrañolas de timbre ou ton distinto.

Nome

O nome do instrumento provén das primeiras que se empregaron, que estaban feitas de anacos de tella. Existen variantes do nome: terrañolas, tarreñas, trécolas[1] ou tixoletas. Tamén se lle da este nome as castañolas[2]. De feito, algúns autores opinan que as tarrañolas puideron dar orixe ás castañolas.[3].

Uso

O intérprete de tarrañolas de William Sidney Mount, 1856

A súa orixe remóntase as antigas culturas da China, Exipto, Grecia e Roma. Podemos velas xa representadas na imaxe que ilumina a cantiga 330 das Cantigas de Santa María de Afonso X o Sabio do século XIII. Na literatura española aparecen mencionadas nas novelas Rinconete y Cortadillo e El coloquio de los perros, de Miguel de Cervantes, asociándoas as capas baixas da sociedade[4].

Está presente en varias culturas musicais. Tócanse, por exemplo, en toda a Península Ibérica [5]. En Galicia é un instrumento asociado os cativos, pero tamén o interpretaban adultos. É normal a súa presenza nos Minstrel do século XIX, no blues, no bluegrass, na música zydeco, na música franco-canadense, ou a música de Nova Escocia, todos estes estilos cultivados en Estados Unidos, onde chegou da man dos emigrantes irlandeses, que o teñen como instrumento tradicional.

En Galicia, amais de anacos de tella, tamén se facían de ósos de costelas, lousas de pedra ou madeira, requentada en ocasións para darlle dureza. Na actualidade véñense facendo de madeira de buxo. En Galicia teñen entre 12–20 cm de longo, 3–5 cm de alto e 4–8 mm de groso[1].

Notas

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Carpintero Arias, Pablo (2009). Instrumentos tradicionais galegos. Difusora de Letras, Artes e Ideas. ISBN 978-84-937421-1-9. 
  2. ↑ Albán Laxe, Calixto (2003). O saber do pobo. Enciclopedia do traxe, danza e música tradicionais. Vigo. Xerais. ISBN 84-8302-235-4. 
  3. ↑ "Palillos, tejoletas y castañuelas (A. Payno, Luis)". Construcción de instrumentos tradicionales. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 21 de xuño de 2010. Consultado o 9 de xuño de 2010.  (en castelán)
  4. ↑ "Tejoletas, en "Gabinete de estudios etnográficos"". Gabinete de estudios etnográficos. setembro de 2005. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 03 de febreiro de 2012. Consultado o 10 de xuño de 2010.  (en castelán)
  5. ↑ "Idiofonos". Tamborileros. Consultado o 10 de xuño de 2010. 

Véxase tamén

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