Pamunkey language

Pamunkey
Pamunkey
Native to	United States
Region	Virginia
Ethnicity	Pamunkey
Era	attested 1844
Language family	unclassified (Algonquian?)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	pamu1240

The Pamunkey language is an extinct language that was spoken by the Pamunkey people of Virginia, United States.

The Pamunkey language is generally assumed to have been Algonquian. However, only fourteen words have been preserved, which is not enough to determine that the language actually was Algonquian.^[1]^[2]

Word list

The only attested Pamunkey words, which were recorded in 1844 by Reverend E.A. Dalrymple S.T.D., are:^[3]

English	Pamunkey
son	tonshee
daughter	nucksee
cat	petucka
thankfulness	kayyo
O my Lord	o-ma-yah
friendship	kenaanee
thank you	baskonee
go out dog	eeskut
one	nikkut
two	orijak
three	kiketock
four	mitture
five	nahnkitty
six	vomtally
seven	talliko
eight	tingdum
ten	yantay

Lexical comparison

Below is a comparison of Pamunkey words and selected proto-languages from Zamponi (2024).^[4]

gloss	Pamunkey	Proto-Algonquian^[5]	Proto-Iroquoian (PI)/ Proto-Northern Iroquoian (PNI)^[6]	Proto-Siouan^[7]
son	tonshee	*wekwiʔsema·wa		*iyįḱe
daughter	nucksee	*weta·nema·wa		*iyų́·ke
cat	petucka	*ka·šake·nsa
thankfulness	kayyo
O my Lord	o-ma-yah
friendship	kenaanee
thank you	baskonee			*hahó
go out dog	eeskut
one	nikkut	*nekwetwi	*õskat (PNI)	*rų·sa
two	orijak	*nyi·šwi	*tekniːh (PNI)	*rų́·pa
three	kiketock	*neʔθwi	*ahsẽh (PNI)	*rá·wrį
four	mitture	*nye·wi	*kajeɹi (PNI)	*tó·pa
five	nahnkitty	nya·θanwi, pale·neθkwi	*hwihsk (PI)	*kiSų́·
six	vomtally	*nekweta·šyeka	*tsjotaɹeʔ (?) (PI)	*aká·we
seven	talliko	*nyi·šwa·šyeka	*tsjotaɹeʔ (?) (PI)	*ša·kú·pa
eight	tingdum	neʔneʔšwa·šik, neʔšwa·šyeka	*tekɹõʔ (PI)
ten	yantay	meta·hθwi, meta·tahθwi	*wahshẽ (PI)	*hą

Except for nikkut 'one', which is clearly similar to Powhatan nekut, none of the words correspond to any known Algonquian language, or to reconstructions of proto-Algonquian. Given the extensive ethnic mixing that occurred among the Pamunkey before 1844, it is possible that Dalrymple's list is from an inter-ethnic pidgin or even a language from an otherwise unknown language family, rather than from the original Pamunkey language.^[8]

References

^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2018-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Howell, Benita J.; Levy, Richard S.; Luckenbach, Alvin (1979). "What is Dalrymple's Pamunkey?". International Journal of American Linguistics. 45: 78–80. doi:10.1086/465576. S2CID 143441104.
^ A Vocabulary of Powhatan, compiled by Captain John Smith, with two word-lists of Pamumkey and Nansemond from other sources. Evolution Publishing, 1997.
^ Zamponi, Raoul (2024). "Unclassified languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America. De Gruyter. pp. 1627–1648. doi:10.1515/9783110712742-061. ISBN 978-3-11-071274-2.
^ Hewson, John. 1993. A computer-generated dictionary of Proto-Algonquian. Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization.
^ Julian, Charles. 2010. A history of the Iroquoian languages. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Ph.D. dissertation.
^ Rankin, Robert L., Richard T. Carter, A. Wesley Jones, John E. Koontz, David S. Rood & Iren Hartmann (eds.). 2015. Comparative Siouan dictionary. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Accessed 31 January 2023.
^ Benita Howell, Richard Levy & Alvin Luckenbach, 'What Is Dalrymple's Pamunkey?', International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 45, no. 1 (Jan. 1979), pp. 78–80

[1] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2018-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[2] Howell, Benita J.; Levy, Richard S.; Luckenbach, Alvin (1979). "What is Dalrymple's Pamunkey?". International Journal of American Linguistics. 45: 78–80. doi:10.1086/465576. S2CID 143441104.

[3] A Vocabulary of Powhatan, compiled by Captain John Smith, with two word-lists of Pamumkey and Nansemond from other sources. Evolution Publishing, 1997.

[Zamponi_2024-4] Zamponi, Raoul (2024). "Unclassified languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America. De Gruyter. pp. 1627–1648. doi:10.1515/9783110712742-061. ISBN 978-3-11-071274-2.

[5] Hewson, John. 1993. A computer-generated dictionary of Proto-Algonquian. Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization.

[6] Julian, Charles. 2010. A history of the Iroquoian languages. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Ph.D. dissertation.

[7] Rankin, Robert L., Richard T. Carter, A. Wesley Jones, John E. Koontz, David S. Rood & Iren Hartmann (eds.). 2015. Comparative Siouan dictionary. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Accessed 31 January 2023.

[8] Benita Howell, Richard Levy & Alvin Luckenbach, 'What Is Dalrymple's Pamunkey?', International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 45, no. 1 (Jan. 1979), pp. 78–80

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Pamunkey language

Word list

Lexical comparison

See also

References

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