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January 1945
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The following events occurred in
January 1945
:
January 1
, 1945 (Monday)
The
Luftwaffe
executed
Operation Bodenplatte
, an attempt to cripple Allied air forces in the
Low Countries
. The operation was a tactical German success but failed in its aim of achieving air superiority.
Chenogne massacre
: American soldiers retaliated for the
Malmedy massacre
by killing German prisoners of war near the village of
Chenogne, Belgium
.
Britain refused to recognize the
Polish Committee of National Liberation
.
[1]
German radio broadcast a New Year's Day address by
Adolf Hitler
. The 26-minute speech offered no information on the battlefield situation or any hint that the war was nearing its end, only a declaration that the war would continue until victory was won. The foreign media speculated as to whether the speech was live or pre-recorded, and even whether it was Hitler's voice at all.
[2]
[3]
January 2
, 1945 (Tuesday)
RAF
bombers conducted heavy raids on
Nuremberg
and
Ludwigshafen
; in both cities over 2,300 tons of bombs were dropped.
[4]
Some ninety percent of Nuremberg's old medieval town center was destroyed.
[5]
Philippines Campaign
: A U.S. bombardment fleet bound for invasion beaches on
Luzon
left
Leyte
with a force including six battleships, twelve escort carriers and thirty-nine destroyers.
[6]
Died:
Bertram Ramsay
, 61, British admiral (plane crash near Paris)
January 3
, 1945 (Wednesday)
In The Philippines, the
Invasion of Lingayen Gulf
commences with a six-day Allied naval bombardment, which is countered with intense kamikaze attacks
The
Battle of Bure
began as part of the
Battle of the Bulge
.
British forces made landings on the Burmese island of
Akyab
with little resistance from the Japanese.
[7]
General
Nikolaos Plastiras
became
Prime Minister of Greece
.
Born:
Stephen Stills
, rock musician, in
Dallas
,
Texas
Died:
Edgar Cayce
, 67, American mystic
January 4
, 1945 (Thursday)
The American escort carrier
USS
Ommaney Bay
was severely damaged in the
Sulu Sea
by a Japanese
kamikaze
attack. The ship was abandoned and then scuttled by a torpedo from the destroyer
USS
Burns
.
Allied forces captured the Burmese island of
Akyab
.
[8]
Geoffrey Fisher
was appointed the new
Archbishop of Canterbury
to succeed the late
William Temple
.
[1]
Born:
Richard R. Schrock
, chemist and Nobel laureate, in
Berne, Indiana
January 5
, 1945 (Friday)
The
Battle of Bure
ended in Allied victory.
The first mission of
Operation Cornflakes
was carried out, when a mail train to
Linz
was bombed and then bags containing false, but properly addressed, propaganda letters were dropped at the site of the wreck so they would be picked up and delivered to Germans by the postal service.
Died:
Ala Gertner
, 32, Polish woman hanged at
Auschwitz concentration camp
for her role in the
Sonderkommando
revolt of October 1944;
Julius Leber
, 53, German politician (executed by the Nazis at
Plötzensee Prison
)
January 6
, 1945 (Saturday)
Japanese
kamikaze
attacks against American ships in the
Lingayen Gulf
region damaged the battleships
USS
New Mexico
(BB-40)
and
USS
California
(BB-44)
, two cruisers and four destroyers.
[9]
Turkey
severed diplomatic relations with
Japan
.
[9]
British Field Marshal
Harold Alexander
arrived in
Athens
as the
Dekemvriana
clashes continued.
[10]
The British destroyer
HMS
Walpole
(D41)
struck a mine in the
North Sea
and was rendered a constructive total loss.
U.S. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
delivered the
State of the Union
message. For the first and only time during his presidency, Roosevelt did not deliver the message as a speech before a joint session of Congress. Rather, he delivered it to Congress as a written message and recited a summary of the speech over the radio.
[11]
The message concluded: "1945 can and must see the substantial beginning of the organization of world peace. This organization must be the fulfillment of the promise for which men have fought and died in this war. It must be the justification of all the sacrifices that have been made-of all the dreadful misery that this world has endured. We Americans of today, together with our Allies, are making history-and I hope it will be better history than ever has been made before. We pray that we may be worthy of the unlimited opportunities that God has given us."
[12]
Wedding of Barbara and George H. W. Bush
Future United States President
George H. W. Bush
and future First Lady
Barbara Bush
were married.
Died:
Herbert Lumsden
, 47, British lieutenant general (killed by a
kamikaze
attack on the bridge of the battleship
New Mexico
during the bombardment of Luzon);
Vladimir Vernadsky
, 81, Russian/Ukrainian mineralogist and geochemist
January 7
, 1945 (Sunday)
RAF Bomber Command sent 654 aircraft to raid
Munich
overnight.
[13]
Born:
Tony Conigliaro
, baseball player, in
Revere, Massachusetts
(d. 1990)
Shulamith Firestone
, feminist writer, in
Ottawa
,
Ontario
,
Canada
(d. 2012)
Died:
Theodore E. Chandler
, 50, American rear admiral (died from wounds sustained in the Japanese kamikaze attack of the previous day);
Thomas McGuire
, 24, U.S. Army major and posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor (killed in action in the Philippines);
Curtis F. Shoup
, 23, U.S. Army Staff Sergeant and posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor (killed in action)
January 8
, 1945 (Monday)
Parliamentary elections
in
Egypt
were won by a coalition led by
Ahmad Mahir Pasha
.
[14]
U.S. Technical Sergeant
Russell E. Dunham
earned the
Medal of Honor
near Kaysenberg, France when he single-handedly eliminated three German machine gun nests.
January 9
, 1945 (Tuesday)
The
Battle of Bessang Pass
began north of
Manila
.
The first in a series of American landings at
Luzon
codenamed
Operation Mike
was carried out.
German submarine
U-679
was depth charged and sunk in the
Baltic Sea
by the Soviet guard ship
MO-124
.
Died:
Dennis O'Neill
, 12, Welsh boy whose death at the hands of his foster parents led to reform of the British foster care system;
Jüri Uluots
, 54, Prime Minister of Estonia
January 10
, 1945 (Wednesday)
The British
Fourteenth Army
captured
Gangaw
, Burma.
[15]
Born:
Gunther von Hagens
, anatomist, in
Skalmierzyce
,
Poland
;
Jennifer Moss
, actress and singer, in
Wigan
,
Lancashire
, England (d. 2006);
Rod Stewart
, singer, in
Highgate
,
North London
, England
Died:
Pfc. Alex M. Penkala, Jr., Paratrooper assigned to Company E ("Easy Company"), 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. He and his comrade Warren H. "Skip" Muck were killed by German artillery fire on the outskirts of the Belgian Luxembourg town of Foy. They were taking cover in a foxhole from the artillery when a direct hit landed on them. He and his comrades had their story told by historian Stephen Ambrose in his 1992 work
Band of Brothers
.
January 11
, 1945 (Thursday)
The series of events in
Athens
known as
Dekemvriana
ended in victory for the British Army and government of Greece.
The British escort carrier
HMS
Thane
was torpedoed and damaged in the
Irish Sea
by
U-1172
and declared a constructive total loss.
Born:
Christine Kaufmann
, actress, author and businesswoman, in
Lengdorf
,
Styria
, Austria (d. 2017)
January 12
, 1945 (Friday)
The
1st Ukrainian Front
began the
Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive
.
The Red Army began the
Vistula–Oder Offensive
.
U.S. warplanes attacked the Japanese naval base at
Cam Ranh Bay
and sank 40 ships. They also sank most of the ships in a Japanese convoy from
Qui Nhơn
, including the cruiser
Kashii
.
[16]
Died:
Eric Bailey
GC
, 38,
New South Wales Police Force
sergeant, was shot and killed in the line of duty. Although mortally wounded, Bailey restrained his assailant until assistance arrived. He would posthumously receive the
George Cross
.
[17]
January 13
, 1945 (Saturday)
The Red Army began the
East Prussian Offensive
.
The
Mikawa earthquake
killed over 2,000 people in Japan.
Operation Woodlark
: Members of
Norwegian Independent Company 1
blew up a railway bridge in
Snåsa
, Norway. A military troop train unaware of the sabotage derailed and crashed into the river below, killing 70 to 80 people. It remains the most deadly railway accident in the history of Norway.
Adolf Galland
was relieved of his command in the
Luftwaffe
[18]
for his role in the
Fighter Pilots' Revolt
, which protested against the incompetence of the German High Command in squandering limited resources on missions like
Operation Bodenplatte
.
Died:
Wilhelm Franken
, 30, and
Siegfried Lüdden
, 28, German U-boat commanders, killed in a fire aboard the accommodation ship
Daressalem
in Kiel harbour
January 14
, 1945 (Sunday)
The
Battle of Ramree Island
began off Burma.
The British
Second Army
began
Operation Blackcock
with the objective of clearing German troops from the Roer triangle formed by the Dutch towns of
Roermond
and
Sittard
and the German town of
Heinsberg
.
A
Heinkel He 111
of the Luftwaffe carried out the last air launching of a
V-1 flying bomb
, which landed in
Yorkshire
.
[19]
Adolf Hitler
granted
Gerd von Rundstedt
permission to carry out a fairly drastic retreat in the Ardennes region.
Houffalize
and the Bastogne front would be abandoned.
[20]
Battle of Foy, part of the
Battle of the Bulge
ended in American victory.
The
Twin Star Rocket
passenger train was introduced in the United States.
Born:
Einar Hákonarson
, painter, in
Reykjavík
,
Iceland
January 15
, 1945 (Monday)
In Poland, the
1st Ukrainian Front
took
Kielce
while the
2nd Belorussian Front
crossed the
Pilica
in Poland and attacked toward
Radom
,
Łódź
and
Posen
.
[21]
British escort carrier
HMS
Thane
was torpedoed in the
Irish Sea
by German submarine
U-1172
and rendered a constructive total loss.
Adolf Hitler held a last meeting with Rundstedt and
Walter Model
at the
Adlerhorst
, instructing them to hold the Western Allies at bay for as long as possible. He then boarded a train, never to visit the Western Front again.
[20]
Born:
Vince Foster
, Deputy White House Counsel, in
Hope, Arkansas
(d. 1993);
Princess Michael of Kent
(Marie Christine Anna Agnes Hedwig Ida), in
Carlsbad
,
Sudetenland
January 16
, 1945 (Tuesday)
Hitler returned to
Berlin
, where he would spend much of the remainder of his life in the
Reich Chancellery
and
Führerbunker
.
[22]
The Soviet
1st Belorussian Front
captured
Radom
, Poland.
[22]
German submarine
U-248
was depth charged and sunk by U.S. destroyer escorts north of the
Azores
.
Born:
Billy Amato
[
who?
]
a/k/a Billy Smith in
Pelham Manor, New York
.
January 17
, 1945 (Wednesday)
The Soviet
1st Belorussian Front
captured
Warsaw
.
[23]
Angry at the abandonment of
Fortress Warsaw
, Hitler sacked generals
Smilo Freiherr von Lüttwitz
and
Walter Fries
.
[24]
The
Battle of Tsimba Ridge
began between Australian and Japanese forces in the northern sector of
Bougainville Island
.
Swedish architect, businessman, diplomat and humanitarian
Raoul Wallenberg
disappeared after being detained by Soviet authorities during the
Siege of Budapest
to answer charges of being engaged in espionage. Wallenberg is presumed to have died in a Moscow prison cell on July 17, 1947, although conflicting accounts exist.
January 18
, 1945 (Thursday)
The Soviet-controlled
Polish Committee of National Liberation
moved from
Lublin
to
Warsaw
.
[16]
The Germans ordered the evacuation of the remaining 58,000 inmates of
Auschwitz concentration camp
ahead of the advancing Soviets.
[25]
Some were deported by rail while others were forced to march in freezing temperatures.
[16]
January 19
, 1945 (Friday)
The 1st Ukrainian Front captured
Łódź
and
Kraków
while the 2nd Belorussian Front took
Mława
and
Włocławek
and the
1st Baltic Front
captured
Tilsit
.
[26]
With German troops mostly driven out of Poland,
Home Army
commander
Leopold Okulicki
ordered his forces to disband.
[26]
Martin Bormann
and
Eva Braun
arrived at the
Führerbunker
.
[26]
The British submarine
HMS
Porpoise
was sunk off
Penang
,
Malaya
by Japanese aircraft.
Died:
Petar Bojović
, 86, Serbian military commander (Pneumonia);
Gustave Mesny
, 58, French Army general (executed by the Nazis)
January 20
, 1945 (Saturday)
The
fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
took place. In what was officially justified as a wartime austerity measure (but also likely done in consideration of the President's increasingly precarious health) the inauguration was a relatively modest ceremony held on South Portico of the
White House
. In what would turn out to be the final time the then-longstanding tradition was observed, outgoing Vice President
Henry A. Wallace
administered the oath of office to his successor
Harry S. Truman
.
The German
Evacuation of East Prussia
began.
The
4th Ukrainian Front
advancing through Slovakia took
Prešov
.
[27]
Chinese forces captured
Muse, Burma
.
[16]
Born:
Robert Olen Butler
, author, in
Granite City, Illinois
January 21
, 1945 (Sunday)
The 3rd Belorussian Front captured
Gumbinnen
, while the 1st Belorussian Front crossed the
Warthen
and approached
Poznań
.
[28]
To prevent their desecration by the Soviets, the Germans began demolishing key structures of the
Tannenberg Memorial
and disinterred the remains of
Paul von Hindenburg
and his wife ahead of the Red Army's advance.
Hitler ordered that every commanding officer from division level upward was required to notify him of all planned movements so he could override them if he saw fit.
[28]
German submarine
German submarine U-1199
was depth charged and sunk off the
Isles of Scilly
by British warships.
USS Ticonderoga is struck by two Kamikaze.
Died:
Archibald Murray
, 84, British Army officer
January 22
, 1945 (Monday)
In Burma, the British
IV Corps
took
Htilin
[7]
and the
Battle of Hill 170
began.
Four squadrons of RAF
Spitfires
destroyed a factory in
Alblasserdam
that manufactured liquid oxygen for German rockets.
[24]
Died:
Else Lasker-Schüler
, 75, German-Jewish poet
January 23
, 1945 (Tuesday)
The
First United States Army
captured
St. Vith
, the last German stronghold in the Ardennes "bulge".
[29]
The 1st Ukrainian Front reached the
Oder
around
Oppeln
and
Steinau
.
[29]
The
20th Indian Division
in Burma took
Myinmu
.
[7]
Died:
Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
, 37, German jurist (executed for anti-Nazi activities);
Newton E. Mason
, 94, American admiral
January 24
, 1945 (Wednesday)
The
Battle of Poznań
began for the German-occupied stronghold city of
Poznań
in Poland.
Hitler appointed
Heinrich Himmler
as commander of the newly created
Army Group Vistula
, despite Himmler's lack of military expertise.
Japanese destroyer
Shigure
was torpedoed and sunk in the
Gulf of Siam
by American submarine
USS
Blackfin
.
January 25
, 1945 (Thursday)
The
Battle of the Bulge
ended in Allied victory.
The Germans blew up and abandoned the
Wolf's Lair
ahead of the advancing Soviets.
Hitler appointed
Heinrich Himmler
as commander of the hastily formed
Army Group Vistula
(
Heeresgruppe Weichsel
) to halt the Soviet
Red Army
's
Vistula–Oder offensive
into
Pomerania
, despite Himmler's lack of military experience.
[30]
Born:
Leigh Taylor-Young
, actress, in
Washington, D.C.
January 26
, 1945 (Friday)
The
Battle for the Kapelsche Veer
began in the Netherlands.
The battle of the
Heiligenbeil Pocket
began on the Eastern Front.
The
Przyszowice massacre
began in Upper Silesia. Between this day and January 28, soldiers of the Red Army killed between 54 and 69 civilian inhabitants of the Polish village of
Przyszowice
. The reason for the massacre remains unknown.
American Lt.
Audie Murphy
earned the
Medal of Honor
near
Holtzwihr
, France, when he saved his company from potential encirclement by climbing onto a burning U.S. tank destroyer and single-handedly killing or wounding 50 Germans with its .50 caliber machine gun until its ammunition was exhausted. Despite taking a leg wound Murphy made his way back to his company and organized a counterattack that forced the Germans to withdraw.
[31]
British frigate
HMS
Manners
was torpedoed and broken in two in the Irish Sea by German submarine
U-1051
, which was then sunk in turn by depth charges from Royal Navy frigates.
The war film
Objective, Burma!
starring
Errol Flynn
premiered in New York City.
Born:
Jacqueline du Pré
, cellist, in
Oxford
, England (d. 1987)
Died:
Tom Pendergast
, 72, American political boss, convicted felon and mentor to the then-newly inaugurated Vice President Truman.
January 27
, 1945 (Saturday)
Auschwitz concentration camp
, with its last 7,500 inmates still present, was liberated by Soviet forces.
[25]
Operation Blackcock
ended in British victory.
The
Ledo Road
linking India to China was finally cleared of Japanese forces when Chinese troops linked up near
Mong-Yu
.
[7]
German submarine
U-1172
was depth charged and sunk in
St. George's Channel
by British warships.
Born:
Harold Cardinal
, Cree writer and political leader, in
High Prairie
,
Alberta
, Canada (d. 2005)
January 28
, 1945 (Sunday)
Action of 28 January 1945
: An inconclusive naval engagement was fought between two British light cruisers and three German destroyers near
Bergen
,
Norway
.
The Soviet
1st Ukrainian Front
captured
Katowice
and
Leszno
.
[32]
The Germans committed a massacre of six Italian generals (
Giuseppe Andreoli
,
Emanuele Balbo Bertone
,
Ugo Ferrero
,
Carlo Spatocco
,
Alberto Trionfi
,
Alessandro Vaccaneo
) in
Kuźnica Żelichowska
during a German-perpetrated
death march
of prisoners of war.
[33]
Born:
Chuck Pyle
, country-folk musician, in
Pittsburgh
,
Pennsylvania
(d. 2015)
Died:
Roza Shanina
, 20, Soviet sniper with 59 confirmed kills (died in East Prussia of a chest wound sustained the previous day from a shell fragment)
January 29
, 1945 (Monday)
Battle of Königsberg
: The Soviet
3rd Belorussian Front
attacked into the city of
Königsberg
.
[34]
German submarine
U-763
was scuttled in the
Schichau-Werke
shipyard in
Königsberg
after taking damage in a Soviet air raid.
Erich von Manstein
was snubbed when he attempted to meet with Hitler.
[34]
Born:
Jim Nicholson
, politician, in
Armagh
,
Northern Ireland
;
Tom Selleck
, actor, in
Detroit
, Michigan
Died:
Shlomo Wiesel father of
Elie Wiesel
, died on this day during the Holocaust. He was suffering from dysentery and was taken to the crematorium at
Buchenwald concentration camp
.
January 30
, 1945 (Tuesday)
While evacuating German civilians, Nazi officials and military personnel from
Gdynia
, the German military transport ship
Wilhelm Gustloff
was torpedoed and sunk by the Soviet submarine
S-13
. 9,400 people died, making it the largest loss of life in a single ship sinking in history.
On the twelfth anniversary of the Nazis coming to power, a speech by Adolf Hitler was broadcast wearily appealing once again for the German people to keep up a spirit of resistance. It was the last public speech Hitler ever made.
[35]
The Second
Battle of Kesternich
began just inside the German border with Belgium.
U.S. and Filipino forces conducted the
Raid at Cabanatuan
and liberated more than 552 Allied prisoners of war from a camp near
Cabanatuan
.
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
became
Governor-General of Australia
.
In Italy, the
Ivanoe Bonomi
government issued a decree granting women the right to vote.
[36]
The
Mussolini
regime had granted women the right to vote in 1925, but only at local levels.
[37]
President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
met at
Malta
for discussions preparatory to next week's
Yalta Conference
.
[38]
The German historical film
Kolberg
premiered in Berlin. The film, telling the story of the Prussian city of
Kolberg
successfully holding out against
a siege
by the French during the
Napoleonic Wars
, was intended as Nazi propaganda to encourage the German population to continue the fight against the Allies.
Born:
Michael Dorris
, novelist and scholar, in
Louisville, Kentucky
(d. 1997)
Died:
William Goodenough
, 77, British admiral
January 31
, 1945 (Wednesday)
The
Battle for the Kapelsche Veer
ended in Allied victory.
The
Battle of Hill 170
ended in British Indian victory.
Podgaje massacre
: The German
Waffen-SS
carried out a massacre of some 160–210 Polish POWs in the village of
Podgaje
(see
German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war
).
Born:
Joseph Kosuth
, conceptual artist, in
Toledo, Ohio
Died:
Eddie Slovik
, 24, U.S. Army private (shot by firing squad after being sentenced to death upon being convicted by court-martial of desertion, and the only American soldier to be executed for that offence since the American Civil War)
References
^
a
b
Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989).
Chronicle of the 20th Century
. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 616.
ISBN
978-0-582-03919-3
.
^
Kershaw, Ian (2001).
Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis
(ebook). Penguin Books.
ISBN
978-0-14-192581-3
.
^
"Hitler Confident of Victory"
.
The Advocate
. Burnie: 5. January 2, 1945.
^
"Was war am 02. Januar 1945"
.
chroniknet
. Retrieved
March 28,
2016
.
^
Ring, Trudy, ed. (1995).
International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 2: Northern Europe
. Routledge.
ISBN
978-1-136-63951-7
.
^
Ross, Steven T. (1997).
American War Plans, 1941–1945: The Test of Battle
. Routledge. p. 151.
ISBN
978-0-7146-4634-3
.
^
a
b
c
d
"1945"
.
Burma Star Association
. Archived from
the original
on March 25, 2016
. Retrieved
March 28,
2016
.
^
"British Burma (1920–1948)"
.
University of Central Arkansas
. Retrieved
March 28,
2016
.
^
a
b
"Events occurring on Saturday, January 6, 1945"
.
WW2Timelines.com
. Retrieved
March 28,
2016
.
^
"E.L.A.S. Resistance Crumbling in Greece"
.
The Advocate
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v
t
e
Events by month
1949
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1948
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1947
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1946
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1945
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1944
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1943
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1942
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1941
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1940
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
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