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March 1940
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The following events occurred in
March 1940
:
March 1
, 1940 (Friday)
In Germany, the second stop of U.S. Undersecretary of State
Sumner Welles
' fact-finding mission, he met with
Joachim von Ribbentrop
and listened to him speak almost non-stop for two hours. Welles came away thinking that Ribbentrop had a "completely closed mind" that was "also a very stupid mind."
[1]
The novel
Native Son
by
Richard Wright
was published in the United States.
The adventure film
Strange Cargo
starring
Joan Crawford
and
Clark Gable
(in his next role after
Gone with the Wind
) was released.
Born:
Nuala O'Faolain
, journalist and writer, in
Clontarf, Dublin
, Ireland (d. 2008)
Died:
Sherman H. Dudley
, 67–70?, African-American vaudeville performer;
A. H. Tammsaare
, 62, Estonian writer
March 2
, 1940 (Saturday)
The British cargo liner
Domala
was bombed off the
Isle of Wight
by a
Heinkel He 111
with the loss of 108 of the 291 people aboard.
[2]
Sumner Welles went to the Chancellory and met
Adolf Hitler
, who claimed to want peace but insisted that Britain was determined to destroy Germany.
[3]
Welles' impression of Hitler was that he appeared to be calm and in excellent health and that "while his eyes were tired, they were clear."
[4]
Hungarians volunteering to fight in the Winter War
arrived in Finland after three weeks of travel. They immediately began training with the Finnish Army but would not complete training before the end of Winter War.
[2]
Cambridge
won an unofficial
Boat Race
at
Henley-on-Thames
.
[5]
The character of
Elmer Fudd
first appeared in the
Warner Bros.
animated short
Elmer's Candid Camera
.
March 3
, 1940 (Sunday)
A bomb exploded in the
Luleå
offices of the Swedish communist newspaper
Norrskensflamman
, killing five.
[6]
Sumner Welles met
Hermann Göring
at
Carinhall
. Like Hitler, Göring blamed the war on Britain and France. Welles found Göring to be as cold and ruthless as the other Nazi leaders but thought he was at least capable of taking a broader view of international relations.
[7]
Italy sent a note to Britain protesting the British blockade of German coal shipments to Italy.
[8]
Born:
Germán Castro Caycedo
, journalist and writer, in
Zipaquirá
,
Colombia
(d. 2021); Owen Spencer-Thomas, television and radio journalist, in
Braughing
,
Hertfordshire
, England
March 4
, 1940 (Monday)
The
Home Office
announced that women would not be asked to work more than 60 hours a week in British factories, and youth under 16 would not be required to work more than 48. In World War I, women were frequently working as many as 70 hours a week.
[9]
Died:
Hamlin Garland
, 79, American writer
March 5
, 1940 (Tuesday)
A Finnish delegation departed for Moscow to begin negotiations for a peace settlement.
[10]
Joseph Stalin
authorized the
Katyn massacre
.
[11]
In the
English Channel
, the
Royal Navy
seized seven Italian ships leaving Germany loaded with coal.
[5]
[12]
Died:
Maxine Elliott
, 72, American actress and businesswoman;
Cai Yuanpei
, 72, Chinese educator and philosopher
March 6
, 1940 (Wednesday)
British MPs protested the Land Transfers Regulations, but a motion of censure brought against the government was defeated.
[5]
Simo Häyhä
was finally hit by an explosive round in an anti-sniper campaign run by the Soviets, putting him into an 11-day coma.
[13]
Detective Comics
#38 was published (
cover date
April), featuring the
first appearance
of
Batman
's sidekick,
Robin
.
[14]
Born:
Willie Stargell
, baseball player, in
Earlsboro, Oklahoma
(d. 2001)
March 7
, 1940 (Thursday)
Sumner Welles visited Paris and met with President
Albert François Lebrun
. Welles found Lebrun friendly, but was annoyed that he spent much of the meeting rambling on about details of his life that Welles did not find to be "in the slightest degree significant."
[15]
[16]
Welles was then taken to see Prime Minister
Édouard Daladier
, who stressed that restoration of independence for the Poles and Czechs was a primary objective of any peace settlement. Although Daladier said he deeply distrusted Hitler, he also said he would not rule out dealing with the present German regime.
[17]
The RMS
Queen Elizabeth
completed her secret maiden voyage from England to New York.
[5]
Ray Steele
beat
Bronko Nagurski
in
St. Louis
to win the National Wrestling Association
World Heavyweight Championship
.
Born:
Rudi Dutschke
, spokesperson of the
German student movement
, in
Schönefeld
, Germany (d. 1979)
March 8
, 1940 (Friday)
Soviet troops pushed into the suburbs of
Viipuri
while Moscow rejected a Finnish plea for an immediate ceasefire.
[2]
Sumner Welles had separate meetings with
Jules Jeanneney
and
Édouard Herriot
, who were both adamant that France would have to continue the war until Germany was defeated.
[18]
Died:
Princess Masako Takeda
, 51, tenth child of
Emperor Meiji
of Japan
March 9
, 1940 (Saturday)
The Finns evacuated their last toeholds in the
Gulf of Viipuri
.
[10]
Britain released the captured Italian coal ships and announced that Italy would be allowed to continue to import German coal, but only via overland routes.
[2]
[5]
Born:
Raúl Juliá
, actor, in
San Juan, Puerto Rico
(d. 1994)
March 10
, 1940 (Sunday)
Joachim von Ribbentrop arrived in Rome for a two-day meeting with
Benito Mussolini
. It was agreed that Mussolini would have a face-to-face meeting with Hitler soon to discuss Italy entering the war.
[15]
[19]
Sumner Welles flew to London and met with
Lord Halifax
.
[20]
Hitler gave a speech at the Berlin
Zeughaus
on Heroes' Memorial Day.
[21]
Born:
Chuck Norris
, martial artist and actor, in
Ryan, Oklahoma
; Dean Torrence, one-half of the rock and roll duo
Jan and Dean
, in Los Angeles
March 11
, 1940 (Monday)
The French battleship
Bretagne
and cruiser
Algérie
departed
Toulon
with 147 tons worth of gold, bound for Canada where the French gold reserves would be kept for safekeeping.
[2]
German submarine
U-31
was sunk in the
Jade Bight
by British aircraft, the first time a U-boat was sunk from the air.
[22]
U-31
was later raised by the Germans, repaired and returned to service.
Sumner Welles had tea with King
George VI
, who made clear his hope that no peace negotiations would take place until the Nazi regime was destroyed.
[23]
Welles then spoke with
Neville Chamberlain
, who reiterated the points from his Birmingham speech of February 24.
[24]
German submarine
U-101
was commissioned.
Died:
John Monk Saunders
, 42, American novelist, screenwriter and film director (suicide)
March 12
, 1940 (Tuesday)
The
Moscow Peace Treaty
ending the
Winter War
was signed. Russia received 16,000 square miles (41,000 km
2
) of Finnish territory.
[10]
Sumner Welles met
Winston Churchill
. In Welles' account of the meeting he wrote that "Mr. Churchill was sitting in front of the fire, smoking a 24-inch cigar, and drinking a
whiskey
and soda. It was quite obvious that he had consumed a good many whiskeys before I arrived." For almost two hours Welles listened to Churchill deliver "a cascade of oratory, brilliant and always effective, interlarded with considerable wit."
[25]
The
Republican Party presidential primaries
began in
New Hampshire
.
German submarine
U-99
, one of the most successful U-boats of the war, was commissioned.
Born:
Al Jarreau
, jazz singer, in
Milwaukee
,
Wisconsin
(d. 2017)
March 13
, 1940 (Wednesday)
Hostilities between the Soviet Union and Finland ceased at 11 a.m.
[10]
The three-month long
Battle of Kollaa
ended in Finnish victory, though the war was lost.
Field Marshal
Mannerheim
addressed the Finnish Army: "Peace has been concluded between our country and the Soviet Union, an exacting peace which has ceded to Russia nearly every battlefield on which you have shed your blood on behalf of everything we hold dear and sacred. You did not want war. You loved peace, work and progress; but you were forced into a struggle in which you have done great deeds, deeds that will shine for centuries in the pages of history."
[26]
Indian nationalist
Udham Singh
assassinated Sir
Michael O'Dwyer
(in revenge for the 1919
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
) at
Caxton Hall
in London.
Born:
Candi Staton
, soul and gospel singer, in
Hanceville, Alabama
Died:
Ira Flagstead
, 46, American baseball player
March 14
, 1940 (Thursday)
Evacuation of Finnish Karelia
: The more than 450,000 Finns displaced by the Moscow Peace Treaty began to cross Finland's new border. Some burned their homes to the ground to leave as little behind for the Russians as possible.
[2]
Hermann Göring
asked Germans to collect metal objects and donate them to the state as a present to Adolf Hitler for his 51st birthday.
[27]
The comedy film
Road to Singapore
, starring
Bing Crosby
,
Bob Hope
and
Dorothy Lamour
was released. It was the first in the series of the popular
Road to ...
movies.
March 15
, 1940 (Friday)
Finnish Parliament ratified the Moscow Peace Treaty, 145 to 3.
[15]
Carol II of Romania
granted an amnesty to members of the
Iron Guard
in exchange for their allegiance.
[2]
Born:
Phil Lesh
, bass guitarist for the
Grateful Dead
, in
Berkeley, California
March 16
, 1940 (Saturday)
The
Battle of Wuyuan
began.
A British civilian was killed in a German air raid for the first time in the war when fourteen
Junkers Ju 88
bombers attacked the British fleet at
Scapa Flow
.
[28]
The foreign ministers of the
Baltic states
held a conference in
Riga
. They agreed to share information in order to prevent the Soviet Union from playing them off against each other.
[15]
[29]
Sumner Welles, now back in Rome, met with King
Victor Emmanuel III
in the morning and then Mussolini again that evening.
[30]
Welles thought that Mussolini seemed to be in better spirits than he was at their first meeting.
[31]
Born:
Bernardo Bertolucci
, film director and screenwriter, in
Parma
, Italy (d. 2018);
Jan Pronk
, politician and diplomat, in
Scheveningen
, Netherlands;
James Wong
, Cantopop lyricist, in
Panyu
,
Guangzhou
, China (d. 2004)
Died:
Selma Lagerlöf
, 81, Swedish author and Nobel laureate in literature
March 17
, 1940 (Sunday)
Major league baseball held a special spring training
all-star game
in
Tampa, Florida
to support the people of Finland. The exhibition raised more than $20,000 for the Finnish Relief Fund. The
National League
won the game 2-1 when
Pete Coscarart
of the
Dodgers
hit a walk-off single off
Bob Feller
in the bottom of the ninth.
[32]
Born:
Mark White
, 43rd Governor of Texas, in
Longview, Texas
(d. 2017)
March 18
, 1940 (Monday)
Hitler met with Mussolini at the
Brenner Pass
in the Alps. Hitler made it clear that German troops were poised to launch an offensive in the west and that Mussolini would have to decide whether Italy would join in the attack or not. Since Italy was still not ready for war, Mussolini suggested that the offensive could be delayed a few more months, to which Hitler replied that Germany was not altering its plans to suit Italy. The two agreed that Italy would come into the war in due course.
[19]
Sumner Welles and
Myron Charles Taylor
met
Pope Pius XII
.
[15]
Taylor asked the pope if there would be revolution in Italy should Mussolini bring the country into the war. The pope seemed surprised at the question and after careful consideration replied that Italian public opinion was overwhelmingly against joining the war, but that there would not be any rebellion for at least some time if Italy did enter.
[31]
March 19
, 1940 (Tuesday)
In retaliation for the air raid on Scapa Flow, the
RAF
attacked the German seaplane bases of
Sylt
and Hornum.
[2]
Harold Macmillan
sparred with
Neville Chamberlain
in the House of Commons over whether the government had done all it could to help Finland.
[33]
March 20
, 1940 (Wednesday)
The entire French cabinet resigned. Although Prime Minister
Daladier
won a vote of confidence in the
Chamber of Deputies
239-1, there were so many abstentions among the 551 members that he recognized the vote as a defeat.
[34]
Sumner Welles ended his diplomatic tour of Europe and boarded a ship heading back to the United States.
[15]
Died:
Alfred Ploetz
, 79, German physician, biologist and eugenicist
March 21
, 1940 (Thursday)
Paul Reynaud
became Prime Minister of France.
[15]
The ocean liner
Queen Mary
departed New York City for
Sydney
to be refitted as a troopship.
[35]
Woody Guthrie
was recorded for the first time, in an interview with
Alan Lomax
for the
Library of Congress
during which he also performed some original and traditional songs.
[36]
The
Alberta Social Credit Party
led by
William Aberhart
won a second term in the
Alberta general election
, although it lost seats from its 1935 landslide.
Born:
Solomon Burke
, soul musician and preacher, in
Philadelphia
(d. 2010)
March 22
, 1940 (Friday)
Soviet military personnel began to arrive in the Finnish port of
Hanko
, which had been leased to the Soviets for 30 years as part of the Moscow Peace Treaty.
[2]
[6]
Born:
Dave Keon
, ice hockey player, in
Noranda
,
Quebec
, Canada;
Haing S. Ngor
, physician, actor and author, in
Samrong Yong
, Cambodia, French Indochina (d. 1996)
March 23
, 1940 (Saturday)
The
Lahore Resolution
was adopted by the
All-India Muslim League
.
[37]
Twelve
Irish Republican Army
convicts
rioted
in
HM Prison Dartmoor
. The inmates took two
warders
prisoner, locked a third one in a cell and started a fire that took 90 minutes to put out.
[38]
The quiz show
Truth or Consequences
premiered on
NBC Radio
.
[39]
March 24
, 1940 (Sunday)
The French destroyer
La Railleuse
was sunk off
Casablanca
by the accidental explosion of one of its own torpedoes. 28 crewmen were killed and 24 wounded.
[40]
March 25
, 1940 (Monday)
The British government ordered its troops not to participate in German radio broadcasts if they became
prisoners of war
. Britons had been tuning in to German radio to learn of the capture of family members by hearing their voices, long before information of their capture could reach the British government.
[41]
The
U.S. Supreme Court
decided
Helvering v. Bruun
.
Born:
Anita Bryant
, singer and anti-gay rights activist, in
Barnsdall, Oklahoma
;
Mina
, singer, in
Busto Arsizio
, Italy
March 26
, 1940 (Tuesday)
A
federal election
was held in Canada. The
Liberal
government of
William Lyon Mackenzie King
was re-elected to another majority government.
Born:
James Caan
, actor, in
the Bronx
,
New York
(d. 2022)
Nancy Pelosi
, 52nd Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, in
Baltimore
,
Maryland
Died:
Spyridon Louis
, 67, Greek runner, winner of the marathon at the 1896 Summer Olympics
March 27
, 1940 (Wednesday)
Peter Fraser
became the new
Prime Minister of New Zealand
when
Michael Joseph Savage
died in office from cancer.
The German submarine
U-22
went missing in the
North Sea
, possibly lost to a naval mine.
[42]
Born:
Lindy Infante
, American football player and coach, in
Miami
(d. 2015),
Austin Pendleton
, Actor, in
Warren, Ohio
Died:
Michael Joseph Savage
, 68, 23rd
Prime Minister of New Zealand
March 28
, 1940 (Thursday)
The
Anglo-French Supreme War Council
met in London and agreed that neither Britain nor France would make a separate peace with Germany. The Council also agreed upon
Operation Wilfred
, a plan to lay mines in Norwegian coastal waters in the hopes of provoking a German response that would legitimize Allied "assistance" to Norway.
[43]
March 29
, 1940 (Friday)
Vyacheslav Molotov
made a speech to the
Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
reviewing the foreign situation and the Winter War. Molotov accused Britain and France of planning to use Finland as a staging ground to attack the USSR and said that the pacts with the Baltic states were "being carried out in satisfactory manner and this creates premises for a further improvement in relations between the Soviet Union and these states."
[44]
Born:
Ray Davis
, bass singer and one of the founding members of the doo-wop group
The Parliaments
, in
Sumter, South Carolina
(d. 2005);
Astrud Gilberto
, samba and bossa nova singer, in
Salvador, Bahia
, Brazil (d. 2023)
Died:
Alexander Obolensky
, 24, Russian-born British footballer (plane crash)
March 30
, 1940 (Saturday)
Wang Jingwei
became the head of a new collaborationist government in China that would be known as the
Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China
.
[45]
As part of preparations for
Operation Pike
, a British reconnaissance flight from a base in
Iraq
flew unchallenged for several hours over Soviet oilfields on the
Absheron Peninsula
.
[22]
German submarine
U-122
was commissioned.
Indiana
beat
Kansas
60-42 in the Championship Game of the
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament
"
When You Wish upon a Star
" by
Ray Eberle
&
Glenn Miller
topped the American pop charts as compiled by
Your Hit Parade
.
[46]
Born:
Jerry Lucas
, basketball player and memory education expert, in
Middletown, Ohio
Died:
Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet
, 63, Scottish politician and
Minister of Shipping
March 31
, 1940 (Sunday)
Winston Churchill
gave a speech over the radio titled "Dwelling in the Cage with the Tiger", a metaphor he used to describe the precarious geographical situation of the Dutch. As with his January 20 speech, Churchill primarily spoke about neutral countries and said, "It might have been a very short war, perhaps, indeed, there might have been no war, if all the neutral States, who share our conviction upon fundamental matters, and who openly or secretly sympathize with us, had stood together at one signal and in one line. We did not count on this, we did not expect it, and therefore we are not disappointed or dismayed ... But the fact is that many of the smaller States of Europe are terrorized by Nazi violence and brutality into supplying Germany with the material of modern war, and this fact may condemn the whole world to a prolonged ordeal with grievous, unmeasured consequences in many lands." In the wake of the
Altmark
Incident
and with
Operation Wilfred
about to go into action, Churchill said of Germany's neutral neighbors that "we understand their dangers and their point of view, but it would not be right, or in the general interest, that their weakness should be the aggressor's strength, and fill to overflowing the cup of human woe. There could be no justice if in a moral struggle the aggressor tramples down every sentiment of humanity, and if those who resist him remain entangled in the tatters of violated legal conventions."
[47]
The
Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic
was established.
Britain introduced paper rationing to publishing and printing industries.
[2]
Born:
Barney Frank
, politician, in
Bayonne, New Jersey
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Myllniemi, Seppo. "Consequences of the Hitler-Stalin Pact for the Baltic Republics and Finland."
From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941.
Ed. Bernd Wegner. Providence and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1997. p. 87.
ISBN
978-1-57181-882-9
.
^
Trohan, Walter (March 17, 1940). "Welles to Get Plea By Pope for U. S. Peace Move".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. p. 10.
^
a
b
Miller, Robert L. (2008).
"FDR's Diplomatic Initiative to Mussolini"
.
The New York Military Affairs Symposium
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
Forrester, Wade (March 17, 2014).
"March 17, 1940: Spring Training All Star Game for a Good Cause"
.
On This Day in Sports
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
"Progress of the War"
.
Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
. March 19, 1940
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
"Daladier Quits; Pick Reynaud".
Brooklyn Eagle
. Brooklyn. March 20, 1940. p. 1.
^
"Events occurring on Thursday, March 21, 1940"
.
WW2 Timelines
. 2011
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
Ruhlmann, William.
"Woody Guthrie – Library of Congress Recordings, Vol. 1"
.
AllMusic
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
"Events occurring on Saturday, March 23, 1940"
.
WW2 Timelines
. 2011
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
"Mutiny in Dartmoor Prison"
.
Townsville Daily Bulletin
. Townsville, Australia. March 25, 1940. p. 5.
^
Borelli, Stephen (2005).
How about That! The Life of Mel Allen
. Champaign, Illinois: Sports Publishing, LLC. p.
51
.
ISBN
978-1-58261-733-6
.
^
"Naval Events, March 1940 (Part 2 of 2)"
.
Naval History
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
"Britain Forbids War Captives to Use Nazi Radio".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 26, 1940. p. 1.
^
"Events occurring on Wednesday, March 27, 1940"
.
WW2 Timelines
. 2011
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
"Events occurring on Thursday, March 28, 1940"
.
WW2 Timelines
. 2011
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
"Reports on the Foreign Policy of the Government"
.
histdoc.net
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
"Chronology 1940"
.
indiana.edu
. 2002
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
Kowal, Barry (December 22, 2014).
"Your Hit Parade (USA) Weekly Single Charts From 1940"
.
Hits of All Decades
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
^
Churchill, Winston.
"Dwelling in the Cage with the Tiger"
.
ibiblio
. Retrieved
December 11,
2015
.
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