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March 1938
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The following events occurred in
March 1938
:
March 1
, 1938 (Tuesday)
Hermann Göring
was presented with a
field marshal
's baton by
Adolf Hitler
, who made the gesture to placate Göring for not giving him any new cabinet positions in last month's shake-up.
[1]
20,000 Nazis marched in
Graz
, Austria in defiance of government attempts to stop them.
[2]
The
Yosemite TWA crash
occurred.
Died:
Gabriele D'Annunzio
, 74, Italian writer and soldier
March 2
, 1938 (Wednesday)
The special court trial against
Martin Niemöller
ended in Germany. He was cleared of the most serious charge against him, that of treason against the state, but was convicted of "endangering public security, exploiting the pulpit and incitement to resistance against the government". Niemöller was freed on time served but the
Gestapo
immediately took him back into "protective custody".
[3]
[4]
The last of the
Moscow Trials
began with the
Trial of the Twenty-One
.
[5]
Born:
Ricardo Lagos
, President of Chile, in
Santiago
Died:
Ben Harney
, 65, American songwriter, entertainer and pioneer of ragtime music
March 3
, 1938 (Thursday)
The German Ministry of the Interior said that
Martin Niemöller
was still being held because the pastor "was determined to carry on agitation against the state, thereby endangering peace and order."
[6]
The new United States Ambassador to Germany
Hugh R. Wilson
presented his credentials to Hitler.
[7]
March 4
, 1938 (Friday)
The
Supreme Court of Canada
struck down the
Accurate News and Information Act
in
Alberta
as unconstitutional.
[8]
Born:
Angus MacLise
, musician and poet, in
Bridgeport, Connecticut
(d. 1979);
Don Perkins
, NFL fullback, in
Waterloo, Iowa
(d. 2022);
Paula Prentiss
, actress, in
San Antonio, Texas
March 5
, 1938 (Saturday)
The
Battle of Cape Palos
, the biggest naval battle of the
Spanish Civil War
, began near
Cartagena
.
German tennis star
Gottfried von Cramm
was arrested by the Nazis for homosexual activity.
[9]
Bock
beer
was banned in Nazi Germany due to lack of
barley
. An exception was made for export purposes to obtain foreign currencies.
[10]
March 6
, 1938 (Sunday)
The
Battle of Cape Palos
ended in a Republican victory. The cruiser
Baleares
was sunk.
Japanese forces reached the
Yellow River
.
[11]
March 7
, 1938 (Monday)
The Nationalists launched the
Aragon Offensive
.
Born:
David Baltimore
, biologist and Nobel laureate, in New York City;
Janet Guthrie
, race car driver, in
Iowa City, Iowa
Died:
James B. A. Robertson
, 66, American lawyer, judge and 4th Governor of Oklahoma
March 8
, 1938 (Tuesday)
Former U.S. President
Herbert Hoover
visited
Adolf Hitler
at the Chancellory in Berlin. Their hour-long conversation on issues such as housing, employment and agriculture was reportedly courteous.
[12]
Born:
Bruno Pizzul
, journalist and footballer, in
Udine
, Italy
March 9
, 1938 (Wednesday)
Austrian Chancellor
Kurt Schuschnigg
announced a referendum for March 13 to determine the question of
unification with Germany
.
[1]
Soviet Central Television
broadcast for the first time.
Born:
Charles Siebert
, television actor and director, in
Kenosha, Wisconsin
(d. 2022)
March 10
, 1938 (Thursday)
Hitler ordered his generals to prepare for an invasion of Austria. No such military plans existed yet and the General Staff scrambled to draw some up.
[13]
The
10th Academy Awards
were held in
Los Angeles
, postponed one week by the
Los Angeles flood
.
The Life of Emile Zola
won Best Picture.
The romantic drama film
Jezebel
starring
Bette Davis
(in the role that made her famous) and
Henry Fonda
premiered at
Radio City Music Hall
in New York.
[14]
March 11
, 1938 (Friday)
Germany mobilized along the Austrian border threatening to invade. Chancellor
Kurt Schuschnigg
resigned over the radio and explained that the Austrian military had been instructed not to resist. Schuschnigg signed off with, "I say goodbye with the heartfelt wish that God will protect Austria."
[15]
[16]
March 12
, 1938 (Saturday)
Anschluss
: The German army crossed the Austrian border at 8:00 a.m.; Hitler's convoy arrived later that day.
[17]
Arrests of thousands of potential opponents of the Nazis began.
[15]
Francoist Spain
repealed the Spanish Republic's civil marriage law.
[18]
Died:
Lyda Roberti
, 31, Polish-born American actress (heart attack)
March 13
, 1938 (Sunday)
The new Austrian Chancellor
Arthur Seyss-Inquart
proclaimed the
Anschluss
annexing the country to Germany. President
Wilhelm Miklas
refused to sign the document and resigned.
[15]
Léon Blum
became
Prime Minister of France
for the second time.
Eighteen of the defendants in the
Trial of the Twenty-One
were sentenced to death.
[19]
Russian language
became a mandatory subject in all non-Russian schools of the Soviet Union.
[20]
Born:
Erma Franklin
, gospel and R&B singer, in
Shelby, Mississippi
(d. 2002)
Died:
Clarence Darrow
, 80, American lawyer
March 14
, 1938 (Monday)
Hitler rode into
Vienna
triumphantly.
[15]
British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain
made a speech in the House of Commons on the Austrian situation, saying the government "emphatically" disapproved of Germany's deed but that "nothing could have prevented this action by Germany unless we and others with us had been prepared to use force to prevent it."
[21]
The
Nationalists
captured
Alcañiz
.
[22]
Born:
Eleanor Bron
, actress and author, in
Stanmore
, England
March 15
, 1938 (Tuesday)
Hitler made a speech from the balcony of the
Hofburg Palace
overlooking the
Heldenplatz
, utilizing a symbol of the
Habsburg monarchy
to present himself as a continuation of leadership going back to the time of the
Holy Roman Empire
, or First Reich.
[23]
Born:
Bob Locker
, baseball player, in
George, Iowa
(d. 2022)
Died:
Nikolai Bukharin
, 49, Russian revolutionary (executed);
Alexei Rykov
, 57, Russian revolutionary and politician (executed)
March 16
, 1938 (Wednesday)
Bombing of Barcelona
: The
Aviazione Legionaria
began bombing
Barcelona
.
[24]
The
Battle of Caspe
began.
March 17
, 1938 (Thursday)
The
Battle of Caspe
ended in Nationalist victory with the capture of the city.
Poland delivered
an ultimatum
to
Lithuania
demanding the establishment of diplomatic relations.
France reopened the border with Spain.
[24]
Hitler decreed that the
Reichsmark
would be legal tender in Austria alongside the
schilling
, at a fixed value of 1 Reichsmark to 1.5 shillings.
[25]
Born:
Rudolf Nureyev
, dancer, near
Irkutsk
,
USSR
(d. 1993);
Keith O'Brien
, Roman Catholic bishop, in
Ballycastle, County Antrim
,
Northern Ireland
(d. 2018) ;
Kris Biantoro
, Indonesian singer and actor (d. 2013)
March 18
, 1938 (Friday)
Hitler gave a speech to the
Reichstag
calling for new elections on April 10 as well as
a referendum
to approve the
Anschluss
.
[26]
The
Bombing of Barcelona
severely damaged the city and left as many as 1,300 people dead.
Mexican President
Lázaro Cárdenas
nationalized the assets of 17 foreign oil companies. The U.S. and British governments protested the policy but the Mexican public widely supported it.
[11]
[15]
Werner von Fritsch
was formally acquitted of the homosexuality charges against him.
[27]
The Gun Law in Nazi Germany banned Jewish gun merchants.
[28]
The musical comedy film
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm
starring
Shirley Temple
,
Randolph Scott
and
Bill Robinson
was released.
Born:
Shashi Kapoor
, actor and film producer, in
Calcutta
,
British India
(d. 2017);
Bob Nevin
, ice hockey player, in
Timmins
,
Ontario
, Canada (d. 2020);
Charley Pride
, country musician, in
Sledge, Mississippi
(d. 2020)
March 19
, 1938 (Saturday)
Lithuania capitulated to Poland's March 17 ultimatum. A spontaneous celebration in the streets of
Warsaw
turned into
antisemitic
rioting in which 2 people were killed and the windows of many Jewish shops were smashed.
[29]
Born:
Joe Kapp
, CFL and NFL quarterback, in
Santa Fe, New Mexico
(d. 2023)
/
March 20
, 1938 (Sunday)
Thousands of demonstrators marched in London to protest the
Bombing of Barcelona
and the Chamberlain government's refusal to allow arms to the
Republicans
.
[30]
61 American bishops of the
Episcopal
and
Methodist
churches publicized an open letter to the
Catholic
clergy of the United States, asking them to "bring the might of your influence to bear on Gen.
Francisco Franco
to halt bombing of civilians in Spain."
[31]
March 21
, 1938 (Monday)
The
Swiss Federal Assembly
approved a government declaration that any violation of Swiss neutrality would be opposed by "an unshakeable, unanimous determination to defend independence to the last drop of blood."
[32]
Born:
Fritz Pleitgen
, television journalist and author, in
Duisburg
–
Meiderich
, Germany (d. 2022)
Died:
Oscar Apfel
, 60, American actor and filmmaker
March 22
, 1938 (Tuesday)
The
Farmers' League
was compelled by the Nazis to withdraw its representative from the Czechoslovakian cabinet and place itself under the direction of the
Sudeten German Party
.
[33]
The
World Jewish Congress
petitioned the
League of Nations
to save Austria's Jews.
[34]
20th Century Fox
's lawsuit against the magazine
Night and Day
for editor
Graham Greene
's infamous review of the
Shirley Temple
movie
Wee Willie Winkie
went to trial in Britain (Greene was in Mexico and not present). The judge awarded £3,500 in punitive damages and essentially put the magazine out of business.
[35]
[36]
[37]
March 23
, 1938 (Wednesday)
Neville Chamberlain
called upon the
Trades Union Congress
and asked for their help in speeding up Britain's arms production. Plans included the introduction of day and night shifts in munitions factories and hiring an additional 100,000 semi-skilled workers.
[38]
Born:
Maynard Jackson
, politician, in
Dallas
,
Texas
(d. 2003)
Died:
Thomas Walter Scott
, 70, first Premier of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan
March 24
, 1938 (Thursday)
The
Battle of Xuzhou
and the
Battle of Taierzhuang
began.
Neville Chamberlain made an important foreign policy speech in the House of Commons, saying Britain would fight for France and Belgium if they were attacked but making no such guarantee for Czechoslovakia.
[2]
Vladas Mironas
became
Prime Minister of Lithuania
.
March 25
, 1938 (Friday)
The Nationalists launched the
Levante Offensive
.
Battleship
won the
Grand National
horse race.
[2]
Born:
Hoyt Axton
, folk musician, songwriter and actor, in
Duncan, Oklahoma
(d. 1999)
March 26
, 1938 (Saturday)
The Japanese government passed the National Mobilization Bill, giving the state dictatorial powers over the economy.
[11]
The
United Australia Party
won the
New South Wales state election
.
Born:
Anthony James Leggett
, physicist and Nobel laureate, in
Camberwell
, England
March 27
, 1938 (Sunday)
Nationalist forces pushed into
Catalonia
, capturing the village of
Massalcoreig
.
[39]
Catholic churches in Austria read a
pastoral letter
calling for a vote of yes in the April 10
Anschluss
referendum
.
[40]
A
double referendum on constitutional reform
was held in
Uruguay
. Voters approved both reform proposals.
March 28
, 1938 (Monday)
In order to bring the flood of refugees from Austria under control, the
Swiss Federal Council
required holders of Austrian passports to have visas.
[41]
Adolf Hitler
met with Sudeten German leader
Konrad Henlein
and instructed him to create a crisis in
Czechoslovakia
by making demands that would be impossible to meet.
[42]
The
U.S. Supreme Court
decided
Lovell v. City of Griffin
and
New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co.
Died:
Džemaludin Čaušević
, 67, Bosniak reformer and imam
March 29
, 1938 (Tuesday)
A
Dornier Do 18
flown by a crew of four Germans established a new
seaplane
distance record, flying 5,220 miles non-stop from
Start Point, Devon
, England to
Caravelas
, Brazil in 43 hours.
[43]
[44]
Died:
Alex Leake
, 66, English footballer
March 30
, 1938 (Wednesday)
The U.S. government demanded that Mexico pay fair compensation for the losses of American oil companies after the Mexican government took over their property.
[11]
Benito Mussolini
gave a senate speech broadcast around the world warning that "Italy's land, sea and air forces are tuned for rapid and implacable war."
[45]
March 31
, 1938 (Thursday)
The
Barbados Labour Party
was founded.
Born:
Joel Godard
, television announcer, in
Milledgeville, Georgia
References
^
a
b
MacDonogh, Giles (2009).
1938: Hitler's Gamble
. Basic Books. pp. 31–35.
ISBN
978-0-465-02205-2
.
^
a
b
c
Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989).
Chronicle of the 20th Century
. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. pp. 493–494.
ISBN
978-0-582-03919-3
.
^
Thomsett, Michael C. (1997).
The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945
. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 64.
ISBN
978-0-7864-0372-1
.
^
Schultz, Sigrid
(March 3, 1938). "Germany Frees and Then Jails U-Boat Pastor".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. p. 4.
^
"Soviet Leader Defies Stalin; Jolts Spy Trial".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 3, 1938. p. 1.
^
"U-Boat Pastor Too Dangerous to Go Free: Nazis".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 4, 1938. p. 4.
^
"Tageseinträge für 3. März 1938"
.
chroniknet
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
"High Court of Canada Wrecks Alberta Dream".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 5, 1938. p. 1.
^
"German Net Star Sent to Prison on Sex Charge".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. May 15, 1938. p. 7.
^
"Germany Stunned: Nazis Impose a Ban on Beloved Bock Beer".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 6, 1938. p. 1.
^
a
b
c
d
"Chronology 1938"
.
indiana.edu
. 2002
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
Fischer, Klaus P. (2011).
Hitler and America
. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 70.
ISBN
978-0-8122-0441-4
.
^
Press, Daryl G. (2005).
Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats
. Cornell University Press. p.
66
.
ISBN
978-0-8014-7415-6
.
^
Hanson, Patricia King, ed. (1993).
The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931–1940
. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 1064.
ISBN
0-520-07908-6
.
^
a
b
c
d
e
"1938"
.
MusicAndHistory
. Archived from
the original
on August 28, 2012
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
"
'I Yield to Force,' Austria is Told by Schuschnigg".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 12, 1938. p. 2.
^
Fellner, Fritz; Wagenleitner, Reinhold F.
"Anschluss and World War Two"
.
Britannica.com
. Encyclopedia Britannica
. Retrieved
2 January
2020
.
^
Cortada, James W., ed. (1982).
Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 511.
ISBN
0-313-22054-9
.
^
"18 Sentenced to Death for Soviet Treason".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 13, 1938. p. 1.
^
Blitstein, Peter A. "Nation-Building or Russification? Obligatory Russian Instruction in the Soviet Non-Russian School, 1938–1953.
A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin.
Ed. Ronald Grigor Suny and Terry Martin. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 253.
ISBN
978-0-19-534935-1
.
^
"Foreign Affairs (Austria)"
.
Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
. March 14, 1938
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
"High Spots of Spain's Civil War Are Listed Since July 1936".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 16, 1938. p. 2.
^
"Historic rallies on Heldenplatz"
.
The World of the Habsburgs
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
a
b
Simkin, John (2014).
"Spanish Civil War: Chronology"
.
Spartacus Educational
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
"Tageseinträge für 17. März 1938"
.
chroniknet
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
Schultz, Sigrid
(March 19, 1938). "Hitler Boasts of His Power; Warns Europe".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. p. 3.
^
"Tageseinträge für 18. März 1938"
.
chroniknet
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
"Antisemitic Legislation 1933–1939"
.
Holocaust Encyclopedia
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
"Riots Mark Polish Victory".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 20, 1938. p. 1.
^
"Britain Joins France in Protesting Rebel Raids on Barcelona".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 21, 1938. p. 4.
^
"Want Catholics to Make Franco Check Bombing".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 21, 1938. p. 4.
^
"Swiss Vow Fight to Last Drop of Blood if Periled".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 22, 1938. p. 5.
^
"Czech Nazis Win Victory; Force Out Cabinet Man".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 23, 1938. p. 7.
^
"League Called Upon to Save Jews in Austria".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 23, 1938. p. 7.
^
Parkinson, David (October 28, 2013).
"This Day in 1937: Controversial Graham Greene film review published"
.
MovieMail
. Archived from
the original
on October 31, 2013
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
"Shirley Temple scandal was real reason Graham Greene fled to Mexico"
.
The Independent
. November 18, 2007
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
Brennan, Michael G. (2010).
Graham Greene: Fictions, Faith and Authorship
. Continuum Books. p. 47.
ISBN
978-1-4411-3742-5
.
^
Darrah, David (March 24, 1938). "Rush Gun Building in Britain".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. p. 1.
^
"100 Towns Fall to Rebels".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 28, 1938. p. 1.
^
"Tageseinträge für 27. März 1938"
.
chroniknet
. Retrieved
September 19,
2015
.
^
Hayes, Peter (2015).
How Was It Possible?: A Holocaust Reader
. University of Nebraska Press. p. 219.
ISBN
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.
^
Cymet, David (2010).
History vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church
. Plymouth: Lexington Books. p. 132.
ISBN
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.
^
"Seaplane Record".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 30, 1938. p. 4.
^
"Dornier Record"
.
Flight
. April 7, 1938. p. 349.
^
"Italy is Ready for War, Duce Warns Europe".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. March 31, 1938. p. 7.
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