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December 1964
December 1, 1964 (Tuesday)
December 2, 1964 (Wednesday)
December 3, 1964 (Thursday)
December 4, 1964 (Friday)
December 5, 1964 (Saturday)
December 6, 1964 (Sunday)
December 7, 1964 (Monday)
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December 25, 1964 (Friday)
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December 30, 1964 (Wednesday)
December 31, 1964 (Thursday)
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December 1964
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December 15, 1964: San Marco 1, first Italian satellite, launched from U.S.
December 6, 1964:
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
adapted to television
December 11, 1964: Singer Sam Cooke shot in altercation
December 3, 1964: Government of Ceylon's Bandaranaike toppled by 74 to 73 vote
The following events occurred in
December 1964
:
December 1
, 1964 (Tuesday)
The
Supreme Court of the Soviet Union
announced a change in the nation's historic presumption of guilt in criminal proceedings, in favor of the
presumption of innocence
, often described as "innocent until proven guilty". Justice
Alexander Gorkin
, the President of the Supreme Court and the USSR's highest judicial officer, gave notice in the government newspaper
Izvestia
of the new criminal procedure, and added that the practice of summary secret police trials, common during the era of
Joseph Stalin
, was over.
[1]
Civil rights movement
leader
Martin Luther King Jr.
and FBI Director
J. Edgar Hoover
met for 70 minutes at
FBI headquarters
in
Washington, D.C.
, in order to clear up the animosity between the two men. King had said that the FBI had done a poor job of investigating civil rights violations in the South, and Hoover had called King "the most notorious liar in the country", and the two met at King's request.
[2]
In a letter to
Apollo Program
Director
Samuel C. Phillips
regarding tentative
spacecraft
development and mission planning schedules,
Joseph F. Shea
,
Apollo Spacecraft
Program Manager, touched upon missions following completion of Apollo's prime goal of
landing on the Moon
. Such missions, Shea said, would in general fall under the heading of a new program (such as
Apollo X
).
[3]
The
Ankara Agreement
, signed on September 12, 1963, between representatives of Turkey and the European Economic Community (EEC), went into effect, beginning the preparatory stage for Turkey's eventual full membership in the EEC. More than fifty years later,
Turkey
maintains a relationship with the EEC's successor, the
European Union
, but has not attained membership.
[4]
U.S. President
Lyndon B. Johnson
and his top-ranking advisers met to discuss plans to bomb
North Vietnam
. After some debate, they agreed on a two-phase bombing plan with an objective of ending North Vietnamese support of
Viet Cong
operations in
South Vietnam
and maintaining the security of other non-Communist nations in Southeast Asia.
[5]
Alex Quaison-Sackey
of
Ghana
was elected to a one-year term as
President of the United Nations General Assembly
, becoming the first black African to hold the post and, at age 40, the youngest. In 1961,
Mongi Slim
of
Tunisia
had been the first from an African nation.
[6]
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
took office for a six-year term as the 49th
president of Mexico
, succeeding
Adolfo López Mateos
. Díaz Ordaz would serve until December 1, 1970.
[7]
Died:
Marie-Clémentine Anuarite Nengapeta
, 24, Congolese Roman Catholic nun, was murdered by the Simba rebels in the Congo; she would be beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 1965.
J. B. S. Haldane
, 72, British geneticist
December 2
, 1964 (Wednesday)
Perón
Juan Perón
, the former
President of Argentina
who had been overthrown in 1955, attempted to secretly return from exile in
Spain
and to take power again as the Argentine dictator. When his flight from
Madrid
stopped in Brazil at
Rio de Janeiro
, Brazilian authorities boarded the aircraft and ordered Perón to disembark. Argentine union leader
Augusto Vandor
, who had organized "Operation Return" and had accompanied Perón on the flight from Spain, was allowed to continue to Argentina. Perón, however, was sent back on the Iberia DC-8 jet on its return flight from Rio to Madrid.
[8]
Peron's Iberia Airlines flight had been scheduled to land in
Montevideo
in
Uruguay
, where Peron had planned to travel by land to
Paraguay
and then back to
Argentina
.
[9]
Peron would finally return to Argentina in 1973 and would serve as President until his death in 1974.
Mario Savio
addressed a crowd of 5,000 students at the University of California in
Berkeley
, delivering what would be a famous speech now known as the "Bodies Upon the Gears" speech, guiding them to occupy the university's administration building, Sproul Hall. More than 1,000 walked into the building to begin a
sit-in
; UC officials estimated that 814 of the occupiers were arrested and "that most of those who sat in and were jailed were students."
[10]
"There is a time," Savio said, "when the operation of the machine becomes so odious, makes you so sick at heart that you can't take part; and you've got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon all the apparatus, and you've got to make it stop. And you've got to indicate to the people who own it, that unless you're free, the machine will be prevented from working at all." The
Free Speech Movement
would expand from Berkeley to other university and college campuses in America and beyond.
[11]
December 3
, 1964 (Thursday)
Owners of the 20
National League
and
American League
baseball teams voted to create the
Major League Baseball draft
in order to make a more uniform distribution of amateur players.
[12]
In an imitation of the drafting process in other professional sports leagues, the teams would select "in reverse order off the standings at the end of the previous season". Though the proposal was initially opposed by both New York teams (the Yankees and Mets), both Los Angeles teams (the Dodgers and Angels), the St. Louis Cardinals, the Minnesota Twins, and the Washington Senators,
[13]
the resolution passed unanimously. The teams would have the first option, for a limited time, to negotiate exclusively with the players selected. The first draft would be held on June 8, 1965.
Sirimavo Bandaranaike
lost a vote of confidence as
Prime Minister of Ceylon
by a single vote, as 14 members of parliament from her
Sri Lanka Freedom Party
went against her. The final result on the resolution that the House of Representatives had lost confidence in her government was 74 for, 73 against.
[14]
The immediate cause had been her decision to form a coalition government with the
Lanka Sama Samaja Party
and to nationalize opposition newspapers. New elections would be held in March, and opposition leader
Dudley Senanayake
would form a new government with his
United National Party
.
[15]
NASA
advised North American that no funds were available for further flight testing in the Paraglider Landing System Program, following completion of full-scale test vehicle flight test No. 25. NASA did authorize North American to use the test vehicles and equipment it had for a contractor-supported flight test program. North American conducted a two-week test program which culminated in a successful crewed tow-test vehicle flight on December 19.
[16]
Canadian murderer George Marcotte, who had dressed as Santa Claus to hold up a bank in the Montreal suburb of
St. Laurent, Quebec
, and killed two policemen responding to the alarm, had his death sentence commuted 12 hours before he was scheduled to be hanged. The decision was made by a vote of the cabinet of Prime Minister
Lester Pearson
at the request of Justice Minister
Guy Favreau
.
[17]
Police arrested about 814 students at the
University of California, Berkeley
, following their takeover of and massive sit-in at the Sproul Hall administration building.
[18]
The sit-in most directly protested the U.C. Regents' decision to punish student activists for what many thought had been justified civil disobedience earlier in the conflict.
[10]
A fire which broke out at about 4 a.m. almost completely destroyed the
D. Maria II National Theatre
in
Lisbon
, Portugal. Only the theater's facade and exterior walls remained intact. A production of
William Shakespeare
's
Macbeth
was playing at the theater at the time. The rebuilt theater would reopen in 1978.
[19]
The Danish football club
Brøndby IF
was founded as a merger between the two local clubs Brøndbyøster Idrætsforening and Brøndbyvester Idrætsforening. The club would win the national championship in the
Danish Superliga
10 times, and the national
Danish Cup
six times.
Died:
U.S. Navy Admiral
Charles P. Snyder
, 85, the first Naval Inspector General
December 4
, 1964 (Friday)
FBI agents arrested 19 men in and around
Neshoba County, Mississippi
on federal indictments arising from the June 21
kidnapping and murder of Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner and James Chaney
.
[20]
An author would note later, "The accused, including truck drivers, farmers, cops, and the owner of the burial site, were taken from cafes, farmhouses, and trailers."
[21]
Two of the most prominent defendants, Neshoba County Sheriff
Lawrence A. Rainey
and Deputy Sheriff
Cecil Price
had returned from a raid on a moonshine still to the courthouse in
Philadelphia, Mississippi
, to find agents waiting for them. Most were freed the same day when friends posted bonds of $5,000 apiece for them. Six days later, a U.S. trial commissioner in
Meridian
voided the arrest warrants on 19 of the 21 defendants pending a hearing for whether there was probable cause for continuing charges.
[22]
Beatles for Sale
, the fourth studio album by
The Beatles
, was released in the
United Kingdom
on the
Parlophone
label, and included the single "
Eight Days a Week
". Songs from the 34 minute British album would be on two American extended play albums,
Beatles '65
and
Beatles VI
.
[23]
Born:
Christopher B. Duncan
, American actor best known for his roles on
The Jamie Foxx Show
,
The First Family
, and
Veronica Mars
; in
Lincoln, Nebraska
[24]
Marisa Tomei
, American actress and winner of an Academy Award for Best Actress for
My Cousin Vinny
; in
Brooklyn, New York
Sertab Erener
, Turkish pop music singer; in
Istanbul
Died:
Pina Pellicer
, 30, Mexican film and television actress known for playing the female lead opposite Marlon Brando in
One-Eyed Jacks
, and as co-star with Ignacio López Tarso in the classic Mexican film
Macario
; by committing suicide.
December 5
, 1964 (Saturday)
An American
LGM-30B Minuteman I
missile was on strategic alert at Launch Facility (LF) L-02 at
Ellsworth Air Force Base
, South Dakota, when two airmen were dispatched to repair the inner zone security system. In the midst of their checkout of that system, one
retrorocket
in the spacer below the Reentry Vehicle fired, causing the missile to fall about 75 feet (23 m) to the floor of the silo. When the missile struck bottom, the arming and fusing/altitude control subsystem containing the batteries were torn loose, thus removing all sources of power from the missile, which structure received considerable damage. All safety devices operated properly in that they did not sense the proper sequence of events to allow arming the warhead. There was no detonation or radioactive contamination.
[25]
[26]
Pope Paul VI
returned to Vatican City after a four-day pilgrimage to India, but not before two
Turkish Air Force
fighters flew dangerously close to the DC-8 airliner that was carrying him. When the
Alitalia
flight from Bombay to Rome crossed into the airspace of Turkey at 33,000 feet (10,000 m), an escort of four planes joined alongside for 25 minutes in what was intended as a show of respect, before responding to a request by the Alitalia pilot to move away. Two of the planes "flew less than a wing length away", a claim confirmed by a photograph taken by one of the DC-8 passengers.
[27]
Controllers at the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
in
Pasadena, California
, successfully corrected the trajectory of
Mariner 4
by the timed firing of retrorockets to send the probe toward the planet
Mars
. The course correction was implemented after it was calculated that the Mariner probe's heading would have caused it to miss Mars by more than 150,000 miles (240,000 km); the new heading was calculated to bring the probe within 5,400 miles (8,700 km).
[28]
The
National Academy of Sciences
founded the
National Academy of Engineering
in the United States, with the approval by the NAS of the new academy's Articles of Organization.
[29]
December 6
, 1964 (Sunday)
The one-hour stop-motion animated special
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
, based on the
popular Christmas song
, was broadcast for the first time, on
NBC
.
[30]
Filmed by
Rankin/Bass Productions
, and narrated by
Burl Ives
, the show was sponsored originally by
General Electric
and was telecast at 5:30 p.m. Eastern Time. It became a
Christmas
tradition in the United States, still being shown on television more than 50 years later. Associated Press TV critic Cynthia Lowry praised the show as "a program of sheer delight for young and old".
[31]
Another critic, however, commented that "efforts to 'modernize' Christmas with such insipid treacle as last night's 'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer' presentation should be resisted in the streets, the alleys and on the beaches."
[32]
Rioting that would eventually kill 250 people began in
Khartoum
, the capital of the
Sudan
, between the predominantly black South Sudanese minority and the white Arab northern Sudan residents. The triggering incident was a false rumor of the death of the highest-ranked black African cabinet member in Prime Minister al-Sirr's cabinet, Interior Minister
Clement Mboro
. A crowd of wellwishers had gone to the Khartoum Airport to welcome Mboro back from a tour of the south Sudan, and the airplane did not show up at the scheduled time. Word spread that Mboro had been murdered and, after hours had passed, angry southerners attack Khartoum's northerners, and crowds of northerners retaliated.
[33]
[34]
[35]
Antonio Segni
resigned as
President of Italy
slightly more than halfway through his seven-year term, after suffering a stroke in August.
[36]
Cesare Merzagora
, leader of the Italian Senate, was sworn in as acting president until parliament could elect a successor to Segni.
[37]
Died:
Consuelo Vanderbilt
, 87, American-born Duchess of Marlborough
December 7
, 1964 (Monday)
In a letter to President Lyndon B. Johnson, Senator
Clinton P. Anderson
, Chairman of the
U.S. Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences
, recommended that the Air Force's
Manned Orbiting Laboratory
(MOL) and NASA's Apollo X programs be merged. Senator Anderson argued that a jointly operated national
space station
program would most effectively use the nation's available resources. He claimed that $1 billion could be saved during the next five years if the MOL were canceled and those funds applied to NASA's Apollo-based space station program. In mid-December, Anderson would issue a statement saying that the
U.S. Department of Defense
and NASA had worked out an agreement on MOL and Apollo X that in large measure answered the questions he had earlier raised. "The Air Force and NASA will take advantage of each other's technology and hardware development," Anderson said, "with all efforts directed at achievement of a true space laboratory as an end goal."
[3]
The
United States Supreme Court
struck down, as unconstitutional, a
Florida
law that prohibited cohabitation between a white man and a black woman, or a black man and a white woman, noting that Florida did not prohibit cohabitation between persons of the same race. The case of
McLaughlin v. Florida
arose when Dewey McLaughlin, a black man, and Connie Hoffman, a white woman, had been sentenced to 30 days in jail after living together in Miami. The Court avoided commenting on state laws prohibiting interracial marriage.
[38]
A four-day comfort test of the
Gemini space suit
was started as part of the suit qualification test program. The test utilized a human volunteer and ended successfully on December 11. The suited subject used Gemini food and
bioinstrumentation
and the Gemini waste management systems hardware.
[16]
Born:
Roberta Close
, Brazilian transgender fashion model; in
Rio de Janeiro
Peter Laviolette
, American NHL coach; in
Franklin, Massachusetts
December 8
, 1964 (Tuesday)
One person was killed and four
B43 nuclear bombs
and a warhead were knocked to the ground at
Bunker Hill Air Force Base
near
Kokomo, Indiana
. A U.S. Air Force
B-58 Hustler
was blown off the runway by the exhaust of another B-58. Radioactive contamination was limited to the crash site.
[39]
The plane's navigator was killed in a failed ejection, but two other crew members escaped.
UDEAC (
U
nion
D
ouanière et
É
conomique de l’
A
frique
C
entrale), the
Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa
, was established by the Brazzaville Treaty, signed in the capital of the
Republic of Congo
by representatives of that nation, as well as
Cameroon
, the
Central African Republic
,
Chad
, and
Gabon
.
[40]
The
Berkeley
Division of the University of California Academic Senate voted, 824 to 115, in favor of a resolution calling on UC-Berkeley to halt all regulation of speech on campus and of its content, following the sit-in and arrest by Free Speech Movement protesters.
[41]
Professional football player
Fred Arbanas
of the
Kansas City Chiefs
was permanently blinded in his left eye after being attacked by a mugger late in the 1964 season. Nevertheless, he returned to play six more seasons in the
American Football League
.
[42]
Born:
Teri Hatcher
, American TV actress known as the lead star of
Desperate Housewives
, and the co-star of
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman
; in
Palo Alto, California
December 9
, 1964 (Wednesday)
The
Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages
entered into force after being signed on November 7, 1962. As of 2024, 55 nations parties to the Convention, which provides for marriages to be registered in order to be binding, and for marriage to require the consent of both parties. The international convention does not set a uniform
minimum age
for parties to be wed; among participating nations, the age for marriage for consenting partners ranges from 15 (for males and females in
Yemen
) to 21.
[43]
John Coltrane
's seminal album
A Love Supreme
was recorded in
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
.
Born:
Hape Kerkeling
, German comedian; as Hans Peter Kerkeling in
Recklinghausen
, West Germany
Johannes B. Kerner
, German sportscaster; in
Bonn
, West Germany
Larry Emdur
, Australian game show host; in
Melbourne
Died:
Edith Sitwell
, 77, English poet
December 10
, 1964 (Thursday)
Dr. King
Martin Luther King Jr.
was presented the
Nobel Peace Prize
in
Oslo
for his work in the American civil rights movement.
[44]
Dr. King commented, "I must ask why this prize is awarded to a movement... which has not won the very peace and brotherhood which is the essence of the Nobel Prize. I conclude that this award, which I receive on behalf of that movement is profound recognition that nonviolence is the answer to the crucial political and moral question of our time— the need for man to overcome oppression and violence without resorting to violence and oppression."
[45]
The Japanese fishing trawler
Uji Maru
, owned by Japan Marine Products Company, disappeared with 33 crewmen aboard.
[46]
The 535-tonne (527-long-ton; 590-short-ton) ship had been in the south
Atlantic Ocean
off the coast of
Angola
when it had last sent a radio message. Its wreckage would be found two weeks later in 280-foot (85 m) deep waters.
[47]
Born:
Edith González
, Mexican television soap opera actress; in
Monterrey
(died of ovarian cancer, 2019)
Bobby Flay
, American celebrity chef and restaurateur; in
New York City
Died:
Mariano Rossell y Arellano
, 70, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Guatemala
December 11
, 1964 (Friday)
Che Guevara
addressed the
U.N. General Assembly
. Guevara, a guerrilla leader in the Cuban Revolution, was serving at the time as the Minister for Industry in
Cuba
as part of the cabinet of
Fidel Castro
. Guevara charged that the United States was a
warmonger
and said that there had been 1,323 provocations by the U.S. along the boundary between the
Guantanamo Naval Base
and the rest of Cuba. "A gigantic flock of 200 million Latin Americans is giving a warning note to the Yankee imperialists," Guevara said. "The hour of vindication is being pointed to with precision."
[48]
[49]
[50]
During Guevara's address, an anti-tank rocket was fired at the
United Nations Headquarters
in New York City by a person holding a
bazooka
. Police found the weapon on a street in
Queens
, "mounted beneath a Cuban flag", and apparently fired by a Cuban exile. The shell fell 100 yards (91 m) from the UN Building and landed in the
East River
, where it exploded.
[51]
Langley Research Center
(LaRC) announced award of a 10-month contract to
The Boeing Company
to study the feasibility of designing and launching a
crewed orbital telescope
and to investigate ways in which such an
astronomical observatory
might be operated, particularly the role that humans might play in scientific observations. The study presumed that the telescope would be operated in conjunction with the proposed Manned Orbital Research Laboratory being investigated by Langley.
[3]
Born:
Ayelet Waldman
, Israeli-born American lawyer and mystery novelist; in
Jerusalem
Died:
Sam Cooke
, 33, African-American singer and songwriter known for such songs as "
You Send Me
", was shot dead by the manager of the Hacienda Motel in
Los Angeles
, located at 9137 South Figueroa Street. Bertha Lee Franklin, who was also African-American, told police that Cooke had kicked in the door to her office and struck her with his fist, and accused her of hiding a prostitute who had been registered at the motel with him. Mrs. Franklin said she pulled a pistol from her desk and fired three shots at Cooke, one of which struck him in the chest; the young woman told police that Cooke had forced her to his room and attempted to rape her.
[52]
A coroner's jury would later conclude that the death was justifiable homicide.
[53]
Cooke's funeral was held at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church in Los Angeles, "where a crowd of 5,000 packed a 1,500-capacity sanctuary for an emotional, tear-filled service."
[54]
Cooke would be one of the original inductees into the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
in 1986.
[55]
Percy Kilbride
, 76, American film actor best known as the co-star of the
Ma and Pa Kettle
movie series
Alma Mahler
, 85, Austrian socialite who had been married to
Gustav Mahler
,
Walter Gropius
, and
Franz Werfel
December 12
, 1964 (Saturday)
Kenya's President Kenyatta
Former Kenyan Viceroy MacDonald
On the first anniversary of its independence from the United Kingdom, the Dominion of
Kenya
became a republic, with Prime Minister
Jomo Kenyatta
as its first President.
Malcolm MacDonald
ended his service as the first, and only,
Governor-General of Kenya
but would continue to serve in a diplomatic role as Britain's High Commissioner and envoy to Kenya.
[56]
Kenyatta would continue as President of Kenya until his death on August 22, 1978, and would be succeeded by
Daniel Arap Moi
.
[57]
Four of the crew of the West German coaster
Deutschland
were killed when the ship sank in the
Lower Elbe
river after colliding with a Norwegian ship, the
SS Vera
.
[58]
The President and Mrs. Johnson welcomed the first group of 20 volunteers in the new
VISTA
(Volunteers In Service To America) program at the
White House
.
[59]
Born:
Terry Brunk
, American professional wrestler billed as "Sabu"; in
Staten Island, New York
Died:
Sir
William Rootes
, 70, British auto manufacturer and co-founder of the
University of Warwick
December 13
, 1964 (Sunday)
The
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
, an international convention between nations agreeing to prohibit the production, manufacture, export and import, and distribution of
narcotics
for any uses other than for medical and scientific purposes, went into effect less than four years after it had been signed on March 30, 1961.
[60]
The Convention would be amended effective August 8, 1975.
The Dutch coaster
MV Tjoba
capsized and sank in the
Rhine
river at
Sankt Goar
,
West Germany
. The ship was raised after eight days and it was discovered that the
ship's cat
had survived in an air pocket. The cat was taken to a
veterinarian
in
Koblenz
for treatment.
[61]
Born:
Hide
(stage name for Hideto Matsumoto), Japanese heavy metal musician who was lead guitarist of the rock band
X Japan
; in
Yokosuka, Kanagawa
, Japan (committed suicide, 1998)
[62]
Tony Roper
, American NASCAR driver; in
Springfield, Missouri
(killed in auto race, 2000)
Died:
Ernesto Almirante
, 87, Italian stage and film actor
December 14
, 1964 (Monday)
Jagan, fired after refusing to quit
Forbes Burnham
was sworn in as the new
Premier of British Guiana
(now Guyana) after the British colonial government was forced to remove his predecessor,
Cheddi Jagan
, from office following the
December 7 assembly elections
. Jagan, who had held office for 11 years, had refused to resign, charging that the election was fraudulent.
Queen Elizabeth II
signed a parliamentary order amending British Guiana's constitution to allow the colonial governor to remove the premier. The new law provided that "if any time before the House of Assembly meets the Governor informs the Premier that he is about to reappoint him or to appoint another person as Premier, then the Premier, and all other ministers and parliamentary secretaries, are forthwith to vacate their offices." The Governor, Sir
Richard Luyt
, then informed Jagan that Burnham would be appointed as the new Premier, and Burnham was sworn in on the same day.
[63]
In 1992, Jagan would be elected as the third
President of Guyana
.
[64]
In two separate cases,
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
and
Katzenbach v. McClung
, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964
in its prohibition of racial discrimination in lodging and in restaurants, respectively.
[65]
Associate Justice
Tom C. Clark
wrote the majority opinions in both cases. In both cases, the Court rejected the argument that the businesses were not within the jurisdiction of the "
Commerce Clause
" of the U.S. Constitution, which permits (in Article I, Section 8) Congress "To regulate Commerce... among the several States" because neither the Atlanta motel, nor the Birmingham restaurant (Ollie's Barbecue) owned by McClung, were engaged in interstate commerce. Clark noted that the motel served travelers from other states, and that even if the restaurant's clientele were local, the food served by the restaurant moved in interstate commerce. Quoting in the
Heart of Atlanta
case from a 1949 Supreme Court decision, Justice Clark noted that "If it is interstate commerce that feels the pinch, it does not matter how local the operation which applies the squeeze."
[66]
Operation Barrel Roll
, the secret bombing of the neutral Kingdom of
Laos
by U.S. planes, began with U.S. Air Force bombers flying out of
Thailand
to attack suspected concentrations of
Viet Cong
guerrillas. Originally, attacks were limited to eight sorties per week
[67]
but would increase in intensity and would last until the end of the war in 1973.
[68]
Born:
Rebecca Gibney
, New Zealand television and film actress known for the Australian TV comedy
Packed to the Rafters
; in
Levin, New Zealand
Dino Stamatopoulos
, American producer, writer, and actor; in
Norridge, Illinois
[69]
Antje Vowinckel
, German sound artist; in
Hagen
,
West Germany
Died:
William Bendix
, 58, American film and radio actor known for being the title character in
The Life of Riley
; of lobar pneumonia from a chronic stomach ailment
Francisco Canaro
, 76, Uruguayan-born composer
December 15
, 1964 (Tuesday)
The Gemini Phase II
centrifuge training
program was completed. Phase II provided refresher training for
Gemini-Titan 3
and
4
flight crews, who made their runs clad in
pressure suits
. For
astronauts
not yet officially assigned to a mission the program provided familiarization training under shirt-sleeve conditions. Phase II had begun early in
November 1964
.
[16]
A team of Italian scientists launched
San Marco 1
,
Italy
's first
satellite
, from
Wallops Island
in the United States, marking the first time that a foreign launching crew had been allowed access to U.S. facilities. The 254-pound (115 kg) spacecraft was successfully placed into orbit around the Earth for purposes of studying the
ionosphere
.
[70]
[71]
After a lengthy debate that ended at 2:12 in the morning, Canada's House of Commons voted 163 to 78 to approve the new
Flag of Canada
, with its pattern of a red maple leaf on a white background between two red bars.
[72]
Voting then moved on to the Canadian Senate.
Glenn T. Seaborg
received a U.S. Patent No. 3,161,462 for the synthesized chemical element
Curium
. Seaborg had been granted a patent for
Americium
on November 10.
[73]
December 16
, 1964 (Wednesday)
NASA Deputy Administrator
Robert C. Seamans, Jr.
authorized the
Voyager program
for exploration of the planets of the outer
Solar System
. With the go-ahead given,
aerospace engineer
Gary Flandro
calculated that
Jupiter
,
Saturn
,
Uranus
and
Neptune
could all be reached over a series of years in a single "
Grand Tour program
" mission; by 1980, the four planets would be on the same side of the Solar System and, Flandro would determine, "Such an opportunity would not present itself again for another 176 years."
[74]
[75]
Voyager 2
would be ready for launch on August 20, 1977 and would reach Jupiter on April 25, 1979; Saturn on June 5, 1981; Uranus on November 4, 1985; and Neptune on June 5, 1989.
Born:
Heike Drechsler
, German athlete and winner of Olympic gold medals in the women's long jump in 1992 and 2000; in
Gera
,
Bezirk Gera
, East Germany
[76]
Died:
Steponas Kairys
, 85, Lithuanian independence leader and its first Minister of Industry and Trade (1919–20)
Phil Davis
, 58, American comic strip artist who illustrated Lee Falk's strip
Mandrake the Magician
Mary Sophia Allen
, 86, English feminist leader and founder of the Women Police Volunteers
December 17
, 1964 (Thursday)
Canada's new flag
The new
Flag of Canada
was hoisted up a flagpole by the government for the first time, displayed outside the Canadian Parliament hours after the
Senate of Canada
voted, 38 to 23, to approve the new maple leaf design. The House of Commons had approved the flag earlier in the week.
[77]
In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons voted, 311 to 291, to transfer control of the British nuclear arsenal to NATO or to "some sort of new Atlantic command". In the debate in Commons, Prime Minister
Harold Wilson
told his chief critic, former Prime Minister
Alec Douglas-Home
, "Are you willing to go it alone in a war with Russia? Would you push the button setting off a kind of war that would mean total annihilation of all human life in Britain? If you can't answer that, you don't understand what the argument is all about."
[78]
Thirty-two sailors on the Liberian-registered cargo ship
SS San Patrick
, nearly all of them from
Spain
, were killed when the vessel, a converted
T2 tanker
, ran aground on
Ulak Island
, the second-most western of the
Aleutian Islands
. The 521-foot (159 m) ship had been transporting grain from
Vancouver
to
Yokohama
when it encountered a heavy winter storm and sent out three
SOS
distress calls; a search by the U.S. Navy did not discover the ship until three days later.
[79]
Fernando Belaúnde Terry
, the
President of Peru
, announced that the new agrarian law passed in the South American nation would be implemented in 1965, with the government
expropriating
farm lands (with payment for their owners financed through the sale of government bonds) and redistributing individual plots to the 56,000 peasant farmers who had been working on the farms as sharecroppers.
[80]
Died:
Victor Francis Hess
, 81, Austrian-born physicist and 1936
Nobel Prize
laureate for his discovery of
cosmic rays
[81]
December 18
, 1964 (Friday)
U.S. President Johnson announced at a
press conference
that he would seek to replace the 1903
Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
that gave the U.S. sovereignty over the
Panama Canal
, noting that "I have decided to propose to the government of
Panama
the negotiation of an entirely new treaty."
[82]
Johnson noted that the new agreement would allow the U.S. to operate and protect the canal during a transitional period, with sovereignty of the Canal Zone being eventually turned over to Panama. In addition, Johnson said, he would start negotiations with Panama, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Colombia for the rights to build a new canal.
[83]
[84]
The deadly
Christmas flood of 1964
, which would kill 47 people during the holiday season, began with a powerful Pacific Ocean storm that brought record snowfalls in northern California, Oregon and Washington, with accumulations of up to 10 feet (3.0 m) in Oregon's Cascade Mountains. As warmer temperatures arrived from another front,
[85]
the snowstorm "changed over to a torrential warm rain, with two months' worth falling in just five days and melting the snow at even the highest elevations",
[86]
and swelling the
Willamette River
and the
Umpqua River
(and their tributaries).
The Soviet Union partially reversed a policy of discouraging private individuals from owning their own farms.
Gosbank
, the national bank of the USSR, was authorized to make loans to collective farm workers to purchase livestock for their own use.
[87]
Born:
"Stone Cold" Steve Austin
(ring name for Steven James Anderson), American professional wrestler; in
Austin, Texas
December 19
, 1964 (Saturday)
U.S. Congressman
Gerald R. Ford
of Michigan announced his intention to challenge minority leader
Charles A. Halleck
in January when Republican Party members of the U.S. House of Representatives would vote on their leader.
[88]
[89]
Ford would narrowly win the vote on January 4, by a margin of 73 to 67, and would remain in the position until 1973, when he would be selected as the new
Vice President of the United States
and, ultimately, the nation's President upon the resignation of U.S. President
Richard M. Nixon
.
A
total lunar eclipse
[90]
afforded
astrophysicist
J. M. Saari the opportunity to make
infrared
pyrometric
scans of the lunar surface with improved equipment, following up on
Richard W. Shorthill
's discovery of "hot spots" in the
Tycho crater
during the March 13, 1960 eclipse. Saari carried out his observations from the
Helwan Observatory
in Egypt.
[91]
[92]
The eclipse began at 0059 UTC (Friday evening in North and South America) and was visible from Western Europe and Africa as well.
[93]
In a
military coup
, the ruling military junta of South Vietnam, led by General
Nguyen Khanh
, dissolved the High National Council and arrested some of its members.
[94]
[95]
The next day, General Khanh announced that an Armed Forces Council would rule the nation.
[96]
Khanh would be removed from power on February 24.
[97]
The
American Conservative Union
(ACU), the oldest lobbying organization for conservative political action in the United States, was founded at a meeting by about 100 conservative leaders in Washington, D.C.
[98]
Outgoing U.S. Congressman
Donald C. Bruce
was elected as the first Chairman of the organization.
[99]
Born:
Arvydas Sabonis
, Lithuanian professional basketball player and inductee into both the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in the U.S. and the
FIBA Hall of Fame
in Madrid; in
Kaunas
,
Lithuanian SSR
,
Soviet Union
December 20
, 1964 (Sunday)
Forty-one train passengers were killed and 75 injured in
Mexico
in the village of
Tacotalpa
when a freight train smashed into their car. A member of the freight train crew told authorities that "the engineer was apparently dozing and unaware of the train on the main track until the last moment"; the engineer sustained minor injuries and fled from the scene of the accident.
[100]
Fifty-seven coal miners were killed in Peru in an explosion at the Cerro de Pasco underground mine outside the mountain village of
Goyllarisquizga
.
[101]
Born:
Clara Rojas
, Colombian politician who was kidnapped along with presidential candidate
Íngrid Betancourt
during the 2002 campaign and held captive for almost six years; in
Bogotá
December 21
, 1964 (Monday)
An F-111
The supersonic
F-111
tactical fighter aircraft, referred to commonly as the TFX (
T
actical
F
ighter E
x
perimental), made its first flight. The plane took off from
Carswell Air Force Base
in
Texas
, near the
General Dynamics
aircraft plant in
Fort Worth
. Richard L. Johnson and Val E. Prahl took the plane aloft but terminated the scheduled 90-minute flight after only 21 minutes when a wing flap jammed.
[102]
Described as "probably the most controversial combat aircraft in American history" because of its mechanical problems and cost overruns, the F-111 also had one of the best safety records, and would still be used by the
Royal Australian Air Force
50 years after its introduction.
[103]
At the conclusion of his
obscenity
trial, American
comedian
Lenny Bruce
was sentenced to four months in prison for "three counts of giving obscene performances in a
Greenwich Village
cafe" in New York City; the owner of Cafe Au Go Go was fined $1,000. Bruce was allowed to remain free on bond while he pursued an appeal of the verdict
[104]
and would die of an overdose in 1966 while the conviction was still on appeal. Thirty-nine years later, on December 23, 2003, he would be granted a posthumous pardon by New York Governor
George Pataki
.
[105]
A 30-year-old woman from
Oakland
,
California
, became the first person to survive a suicide attempt at the
Bay Bridge
, after leaping 230 feet (70 m) into the
San Francisco Bay
. Mrs. Isabelle Kainoa was despondent over an illness that kept her from seeing her children; a U.S. Coast Guard boat was patrolling the bay and came to her rescue. At least 59 people had preceded her in jumping from the span.
[106]
Mrs. Kainoa sustained a fractured pelvis, but survived.
Britain's House of Commons voted, 355 to 170, to
abolish the death penalty for five years
. The House of Lords would pass the Murder Act 1965 ten months later and it would receive royal assent on November 8, 1965; in 1969, the five year experiment would be made permanent.
[107]
The
James Bond
film,
Goldfinger
, premiered in the United States, after being released in British theaters in September. The first U.S. showing was at the DeMille Theater in New York City.
[108]
Died:
Carl Van Vechten
, 84, American photographer
December 22
, 1964 (Tuesday)
As part of his Order of the Day,
[109]
a regular message to the armed forces over Radio Vietnam, General
Nguyen Khanh
went back on his promise to leave the country and announced that "We make sacrifices for the country's independence and the Vietnamese people's liberty, but not to carry out the policy of any foreign country."
[110]
At
Palmdale, California
, the
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
made its first flight. Lockheed's chief
test pilot
,
Bob Gilliland
, took the plane up to 50,000 feet (15,000 m) and pushed it to a speed of Mach 1.5, then returned without incident.
[111]
Died:
Rosa Borja de Ycaza
, 75, Ecuadorian playwright and activist
December 23
, 1964 (Wednesday)
A
cyclone
in the
Palk Strait
between
India
and
Sri Lanka
killed 1,800 people
[112]
in the two nations.
[113]
[114]
Hardest hit was the Indian town of
Dhanushkodi
, on
Rameswaram Island
.
[115]
Located in the
Tamil Nadu
state, Dhanushkodi had 2,000 residents and had been "a bustling coastal town with pilgrims, travellers, fishermen, tourists and others" and the site of the Hindu temple of Vinayaka; it would remain abandoned more than 50 years later.
[116]
[117]
The dead included 115 people who had been riding on a six-car passenger train from
Pamban
to
Dhanushkodi
when the wave struck.
[118]
More than 42 years later, on July 27, 2017, Dhanushkodi would be connected to its neighbors again with the opening of
National Highway 87
in a ceremony presided over by India's Prime Minister,
Narendra Modi
.
[119]
"
Wonderful Radio London
", a
pirate radio
station, commenced transmissions with American
top 40
format broadcasting, from a ship anchored off the south coast of England.
[120]
Born:
Eddie Vedder
, American singer and guitarist for
Pearl Jam
; in
Evanston, Illinois
December 24
, 1964 (Thursday)
Apparently aimed at visiting American comedian
Bob Hope
, a time bomb set by Viet Cong terrorists exploded at Brinks, a U.S. Army officers club in
Saigon
, killing two Americans and wounding 50 others.
[121]
Three years later, a captured memorandum was located that had criticized the terrorists for the fact that "The bomb exploded 10 minutes before the set time. Shortly after the explosion the cars of the Bob Hope entertainment group arrived. If the bomb exploded at the scheduled time, it might have killed an additional number of guests who came to see the entertainment."
[122]
Hope was making his first Christmas visit to South Vietnam, and he and his 60-member troupe entertained 1,200 servicemen at the
Bien Hoa Air Base
. He opened by joking, "Hello, advisers. Here I am in Bien Hoa... which is Vietnamese for 'Duck!!'". Referring to his surroundings as "Sniper Valley", he said, "As I flew in today, they gave us a 21-gun salute... Three of them were ours."
[123]
Unemployed electronics engineer
Tom Osborne
completed the prototype of the first desktop electronic calculator after more than a year of work at his home workshop, then spent another six months trying to find a buyer for his "Green Machine" (so called because he constructed the prototype casing from
balsa wood
painted green). After more than 30 rejections, he was able to sell the invention to the
Hewlett-Packard
company in
Palo Alto, California
.
[124]
[125]
Arthur C. Clarke
completed the first draft of his manuscript, "Journey Beyond the Stars", which would be adapted by
Stanley Kubrick
as the film
2001: A Space Odyssey
.
[126]
Died:
Michael Munnelly
, 23, English journalist, was killed while assisting the victims of a riot in London. He would posthumously be awarded the
George Cross
.
[127]
Saint Kuksha of Odessa
(Kuzma Kirillovich Velichko), 89, Ukrainian Orthodox Church clergyman later canonized as an Orthodox saint in 1995.
Claudia Jones
, 49, Trinidanian black activist; of a heart attack
Badr Shakir al-Sayyab
, 38, Iraqi poet; of ALS
December 25
, 1964 (Friday)
The Soviet Union announced in its government newspaper,
Izvestia
, that it would experiment with a profit-oriented capitalist economy in certain factories in
Lviv
, the capital of the
Ukrainian SSR
, starting on January 1. Economist
Evsei Liberman
of the
University of Lviv
had proposed that directors of factories be given wide latitude in making production decisions with minimum oversight from the nation's central planning commission, and the test in two textile factories (in
Moscow
and in
Gorky
) had proven effective enough that Liberman selected be expanded from light industry into heavy industries. The factories that would carry out the pilot program in 1965 were "a plant producing
loading machines
"; the television set factory operated by the Progress Enterprise; the Zarya textile factory; and the Velkomostovskaya Number 9 coal mine.
[128]
Born:
Jonas Sjöstedt
, Swedish politician and chairman of Sweden's left-wing
Vänsterpartiet
political party; in
Gothenburg
Ian Bostridge
, English opera tenor; in
Wandsworth
December 26
, 1964 (Saturday)
"Moors murderers"
Ian Brady
and
Myra Hindley
abducted Lesley Ann Downey, 10, in
Manchester
. They murdered her that evening and buried her body in a shallow grave on Saddleworth Moor the following morning.
[129]
France
's
National Assembly
voted unanimously to approve Law No. 64-1326, declaring that there was no
statute of limitations
on
crimes against humanity
and
war crimes
.
[130]
[131]
The
Buffalo Bills
defeated the visiting
San Diego Chargers
, 20 to 7, to win the
American Football League
championship.
[132]
Born:
Elizabeth Kostova
, American novelist; in
New London, Connecticut
December 27
, 1964 (Sunday)
The American cargo ship
Smith Voyager
sank under tow in the
South Atlantic
,
[133]
having been disabled on 21 December following a shift in her cargo of grain.
[134]
She foundered due to the rupturing of a seam.
[133]
Four crew drowned,
[135]
the remaining crew were rescued by a
United States Coast Guard
cutter.
[133]
The
Cleveland Browns
defeated the visiting
Baltimore Colts
, 27 to 0, to win the
National Football League
championship.
[136]
Born:
Ian Gomez
, American actor; in
New York City
[137]
Died:
Francesco Spoto
, 40, Italian Roman Catholic priest and missionary to the Congo, died of injuries sustained while he was held hostage by the Simba rebels.
December 28
, 1964 (Monday)
Gemini G4C extravehicular spacesuit
Crew Systems Division received a prototype
G4C
extravehicular
Gemini space suit for testing. This suit contained a thermal/
micrometeoroid
cover layer, a redundant closure, and the open visor assembly for visual, thermal, and structural protection.
Zero-gravity
tests in
January 1965
showed the suit to be generally satisfactory, but the heavy cover layer made moving around in it awkward. The cover layer was redesigned to remove excess bulk. The new cover layer proved satisfactory when it was tested in
February 1965
.
[16]
Giuseppe Saragat
was elected
President of Italy
after
13 days and 21 ballots
by the 963 members of the
Italian Parliament
in joint session (642 from the
Chamber of Deputies
and 321 from the
Senate of the Republic
).
[138]
On the first 20 votes, no candidate received the necessary majority (482 or more votes). On the 21st ballot, Foreign Minister Saragat got 646 votes to be selected as the first Socialist Italian president. Former Premier
Giovanni Leone
had received a plurality of the votes in the first 15 ballots; on the next four ballots, Deputy Premier
Pietro Nenni
had a plurality (and a 385–323 lead over Saragat on the 20th ballot) before authorizing his supporters to vote for Saragat on the 21st ballot.
PepsiCo
introduced
Diet Pepsi
to the public as a variant of Pepsi with no sugar. The product was first tested in 1963 under the name Patio Diet Cola, it was re-branded as Diet Pepsi the following year, becoming the first diet cola to be distributed on a national scale in the United States.
Born:
Moïse Katumbi
, Congolese businessman and politician who governed the Katanga province from 2007 to 2015; in
Kashobwe
,
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Died:
Cliff Sterrett
, 81, American
comic strip
artist who drew the long-running feature
Polly and Her Pals
from 1912 to 1958
December 29
, 1964 (Tuesday)
Beloved film actor and action hero
John Wayne
went against the advice of his agent and several advisers and revealed that he had been treated for
lung cancer
with the removal of his left lung in September. He told reporters at his home in
Encino, California
, "I licked the Big C. I know the man upstairs will pull the plug when he wants to, but I don't want to end my life being sick." The
Associated Press
commented that "The always honest Wayne refused to abide by the Hollywood code that cancer or any other serious illness could destroy a box office image."
[139]
After four months' rest, Wayne, who had been a five-pack-a-day cigarette smoker, returned to filmmaking to appear in the western
The Sons of Katie Elder
.
[140]
[
unreliable source?
]
He would survive for more than 14 years, winning an Academy Award for Best Actor in
True Grit
, and portraying a cancer sufferer in his final film,
The Shootist
. Wayne would die of
stomach cancer
on June 11, 1979.
Congolese government forces and white mercenaries rescued 120 white hostages from the captivity of the
Simba rebels
, after successfully storming the town of
Wamba
in the northeastern part of the African nation. Located in the
Haut-Uele
province on the upper
Uele River
, Wamba was one of the few remaining locations where a large number of European hostages had been kept. At least 25 other foreign hostages had been killed by the rebels; a news dispatch noted that "Reliable sources quoted survivors as saying that the rebels had
killed and eaten
about 10 white hostages on Christmas day."
[141]
The three-act play
Tiny Alice
, written by
Edward Albee
, premiered on
Broadway
at the
Billy Rose Theatre
and ran for 167 performances. Its female lead,
Irene Worth
, would win a Tony Award for Best Actress, and the play would receive five other Tony Award nominations.
Died:
Vladimir Favorsky
, 78, Russian artist and engraver
December 30
, 1964 (Wednesday)
Law enforcement officers in
India
arrested more than 500 pro-Chinese Indian communists in a predawn raid throughout the
Kerala
state, and charged them with planning "nationwide sabotage and violent revolution". Those arrested included at least one member of the
Lok Sabha
, India's national parliament, as A. K. Copalan was picked up.
[142]
Mount Paget
, the highest point on
South Georgia Island
, was successfully climbed for the first time. The team of British servicemen, led by Royal Navy Commander
Malcolm Burley
, reached the 9,629 foot (2,935 m) tall peak as part of the Joint Services Commission.
[143]
The
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) was established as a permanent organ of the
UN General Assembly
.
[144]
Died:
Andrés Soriano
, 66, Philippine business magnate and philanthropist who founded his nation's largest conglomerate, the
San Miguel Corporation
, as well as
Philippine Airlines
.
Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt
, 79, German neurologist who first described the brain disorder
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
.
December 31
, 1964 (Thursday)
The
Bracero Program
, established in the United States in 1942 in order to allow migrant workers from Mexico to cross into the U.S. to work, "was quietly allowed to expire" after the U.S. Congress declined to renew it for another term. "As the New Year dawned," an author would later note, "braceros began returning to Mexico by the thousands."
[145]
Fatah
, a
Palestinian nationalist
organization, launched its first attempt at paramilitary action against
Israel
with an unsuccessful attempt to sabotage the plant of the
National Water Carrier of Israel
.
[146]
Born:
Max Siegel
, Chief Executive Officer since 2012 of
USA Track & Field
(USATF); in
Los Angeles, California
[147]
Michael McDonald
, American stand-up comedian, actor, screenwriter, and director; in
Fullerton, California
Died:
Ólafur Thors
, 72, former
Prime Minister of Iceland
on five occasions between 1942 and 1963
Ronald Fairbairn
, 75, Scottish psychoanalyst who formulated the
object relations theory
Henry Maitland Wilson
, 83,
British Army
field marshal
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.
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"U.N. DODGES A SHOWDOWN— Selects Its President by Acclamation".
Chicago Tribune
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^
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Heads of States and Governments Since 1945
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^
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Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina
(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010) p34
^
"Brazil Sends Peron Back to Spain— Ex-Dictator Halted Short of Argentina",
Chicago Tribune
, December 3, 1964, p1
^
a
b
Robert Cohen,
The Essential Mario Savio: Speeches and Writings that Changed America
(University of California Press, 2014) p4
^
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University of California, Berkeley: An Architectural Tour and Photographs
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^
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^
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The Baseball Business: Pursuing Pennants and Profits in Baltimore
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^
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.
Chicago Tribune
. December 4, 1964. p. 1B-9.
^
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(1980).
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.
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"Canada Gives Santa Slayer a Yule Gift".
Chicago Tribune
. December 4, 1964. p. 18.
^
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Chicago Tribune
. December 4, 1964. p. 1.
^
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"O incêndio no Teatro Nacional D. Maria II"
[The fire at the D. Maria II National Theatre].
Diário de Notícias
(in Portuguese). Archived from
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^
"FBI Seizes 21 in Mississippi",
Chicago Tribune
, December 5, 1964, p1
^
Bruce Watson,
Freedom Summer: The Savage Season of 1964 That Made Mississippi Burn and Made America a Democracy
(Penguin, 2010)
^
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Chicago Tribune
, December 2, 1964, p3
^
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"Turkish Jets Peril Pope on Flight Home"
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^
"Mariner Will Skin by Mars Next July 14".
Chicago Tribune
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^
"2014 NAE Annual Meeting"
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^
"Rudolph Lights Video",
Pittsburgh Press
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^
"Good Show, Rudolph", by Cynthia Lowry,
Miami News
, December 7, 1964, p15A
^
"Put Rudolph In Stable of Bum Steers", by Bill Pittman,
Indianapolis News
, December 7, 1964, p39
^
Edgar O'Ballance,
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"Khartoum Negroes, Arabs Clash; 14 Die",
Chicago Tribune
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"Report Sudan Rioting Toll More than 250",
Chicago Tribune
, December 16, 1964, p3
^
"Italy (Italian Republic)", in
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^
"Ailing Segni Bows out as Italy's Chief",
Chicago Tribune
, December 7, 1964, p3
^
"Annul Florida Race Cohabitation Law— Mixed Marriage Issue Avoided by Court".
Chicago Tribune
. December 8, 1964. p. 5.
^
James N. Gibson,
Nuclear Weapons of the United States: An Illustrated History
(Schiffer Publishing, 1996) p74
^
S.A. Akintan,
The Law of International Economic Institutions in Africa
(A. W. Sijthoff, 1977) p167
^
Timothy McCarthy and John McMillian,
The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition
(The New Press, 2011) p485
^
Steve Grinczel,
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(Arcadia Publishing, 2004)
^
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A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
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^
"Dr. King Accepts Nobel Peace Prize".
Chicago Tribune
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^
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. p. 17.
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"Japanese Crew Of 33 Missing In Shipwreck".
Tucson Daily Citizen
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"Wreck of Trawler, Body Found".
Miami News
. December 28, 1964. p. 18.
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"Top Castro Aide Charges U.S. Is a War Monger".
Chicago Tribune
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"BAZOOKA ATTACK ON U.N.— Shell Blasted at Building Falls 100 Yards Short".
Chicago Tribune
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"Woman Slays Singer Cooke".
Chicago Tribune
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"Motel Aide Exonerated in Slaying of Singer".
Los Angeles Times
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. p. 127.
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"Four Die After Ships Collide".
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, November 12, 2003, p28597
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, ed. by Sandeep Chawla (United Nations Publications, 2010) p84
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"Cat Survives After Week Under Water".
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^
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"Burnham Takes Over as Guiana Premier— Queen Approves Change in Law; Jagan Out",
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"RIGHTS ACT SURVIVES TEST"
— High Court OK's Accommodation Section of Law; Motel, Cafe Told Negroes Must Be Served",
Chicago Tribune
, December 14, 1964, p1
^
"Civil Rights Act of 1964", by Darryl Paulson, in
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, ed. by Robert E. Dewhirst (Infobase Publishing, 2014) p98
^
"Laos", by Earl H. Tilford, Jr., in
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, ed. by Walter J. Boyne (ABC-CLIO, 2002) p362
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"Italians Orbit Spacecraft from U.S. Soil".
Chicago Tribune
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^
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"Red Leaf Flag Approved In 163 To 78 Vote".
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^
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^
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^
"Heike Drechsler"
.
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^
"Flag Debate Ended".
Ottawa Journal
. December 18, 1964. p. 1.
^
"Wilson Wins Commons Vote on Nuclear Force Plan, 311 to 291".
Chicago Tribune
. December 18, 1964. p. 1A-13.
^
"Liberian Ship Aground; Crew Believed Lost".
Miami News
. December 21, 1964. p. 16.
^
"56,000 Peru Peasants to Get Title to Farms".
Chicago Tribune
. December 18, 1964. p. 8.
^
"Victor F. Hess – Facts"
.
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. Nobel Prize Outreach AB. 2023
. Retrieved
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.
^
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(2014).
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.
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. pp. 101–102.
^
"U.S. WILL CUT NEW CANAL — Four Routes Through Cental America Eyed; Panama Offered New Treaty"
.
Chicago Tribune
. December 19, 1964. p. 1.
^
Spear, Sheldon (2008).
Daniel J. Flood: The Congressional Career of an Economic Savior and Cold War Nationalist
.
Lehigh University Press
. p. 69.
^
"Short Life Seen for Snow in Salem— Wind, Warmer Weather Predicted".
Capital Journal
.
Salem, Oregon
. December 19, 1964.
^
Burt, Christopher C. (2007).
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.
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. p. 128.
^
Wädekin, Karl-Eugen (1973).
The Private Sector in Soviet Agriculture
.
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. p. 321.
^
"Ford Seeks to Grab Job of Halleck".
Chicago Tribune
. December 20, 1964. p. 1.
^
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.
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^
"Hermit Eclipse: Saros cycle 134"
.
^
"Eclipse Shows up Moon's Hot Spots"
.
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. March 18, 1965. p. 718 – via Google Books.
^
Link, F. (2012).
Eclipse Phenomena in Astronomy
. Springer. p. 119.
^
"Lunar Eclipse Visible Today".
Chicago Tribune
. December 18, 1964. p. 2.
^
"Viet Council Is Purged by Army Group".
Chicago Tribune
. December 20, 1964. p. 1.
^
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The Logic of Force: The Dilemma of Limited War in American Foreign Policy
.
Columbia University Press
. p. 192.
^
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.
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. p. 129.
^
Andrew, John A. (1997).
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.
Rutgers University Press
. p. 214.
^
"100 Form New Conservative Action Group".
Chicago Tribune
. December 22, 1964. p. 5.
^
"Freight Slams into Passenger Train; 41 Killed",
Chicago Tribune
, December 21, 1964, p1
^
"57 Peru Coal Miners Killed in Explosion",
Chicago Tribune
, December 21, 1964, p1
^
"TFX JET FLIES FIRST TIME— Plane Easy to Handle, Pilot Says",
Chicago Tribune
, December 22, 1964, p1
^
Dennis R. Jenkins and Don Pyeatt,
Experimental and Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters
(Specialty Press, 2008) p214
^
"Lenny Bruce Gets 4 Months for Obscenity",
Chicago Tribune
, December 22, 1964, p6
^
"Lenny Bruce Pardoned"
, CBS News.com
^
"Woman Leaps 230 Feet, Lives",
Chicago Tribune
, December 22, 1964, p1
^
H. L. A. Hart, ed.,
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(Oxford University Press, 2008) p iv
^
Alan Barnes and Marcus Hearn,
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(Batsford, 1997) p41
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Hammond, William M.
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,
The Indian Express
(Madras), December 24, 1964, p1
^
"Dhanushkodi town is erased— Passenger train lies under water",
The Indian Express
(Madras), December 26, 1964, p1
^
"An ecological study of some pools near Mandapam (South India) formed as a result of the cyclone and tidal wave of 1964"
, by P. V. Ramachandran et al.,
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"Cyclone, Tidal Wave Kill Hundreds in India",
Honolulu Star-Bulletin
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^
"150 on Train Swept Away by Tidal Wave",
Chicago Tribune
, December 26, 1964, p2
^
"Dhanushkodi reborn: PM unveils new NH to mainland", by S. P. Loganathan,
Deccan Chronicle
(Hyderabad), July 28, 2017
^
Keith Skues and David Kindred,
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Chicago Tribune
, December 24, 1964, p2
^
"Tell Viet Cong Bomb Plot to Kill Bob Hope",
Chicago Tribune
, March 17, 1967, p10
^
"Yanks Laugh at Bob Hope in Viet Nam",
Chicago Tribune
, December 24, 1964, p2
^
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, Hewlett-Packard website
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Chicago Tribune
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"Crew of Over 30 Feared Lost".
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The Times
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"Saragat Is Elected Italy's First Socialist President".
Chicago Tribune
. December 29, 1964. p. 1.
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"Cancer Beaten By John Wayne".
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"Congo Troops Liberate 120 More Whites".
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Chicago Tribune
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Robert Headland,
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Jorri Duursma,
Fragmentation and the International Relations of Micro-states: Self-determination and Statehood
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