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July 1968
July 1, 1968 (Monday)
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July 17, 1968: Al-Bakr leads revolution in Iraq
July 29, 1968: Czechoslovakia's Dubcek confronts USSR's Brezhnev
July 29, 1968: Catholic Pope Paul VI issues decision on contraception
The following events occurred in
July 1968
:
July 1
, 1968 (Monday)
An American airplane and its crew of 214 U.S. Army soldiers was forced to land at an airfield in the Soviet Union after being intercepted in Soviet airspace by two
MiG-17
jet fighters.
[1]
Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A
, a
Douglas DC-8
chartered by the Army had been en route to
South Vietnam
when it was ordered to land, and was escorted to an airfield at
Burevestnik
in the
Kurile Islands
. The Americans would be detained for two days.
[2]
After the United States apologized to the Soviet Union for allowing its aircraft to stray into Soviet airspace, the American DC-8 was allowed to leave on July 3 and arrived at the
Yokota Air Base
in
Japan
four hours later.
[3]
Northwest Orient Airlines
Flight 714 was hijacked to
Cuba
by a passenger as it approached
Miami
after taking off from
Chicago
. The
Boeing 727
carried 92 people, including the gunman, who ordered the pilot to fly to
Havana
.
[4]
Cuban officials refused to allow the Boeing 727 to take off from the Havana Airport because of concerns that the 10,500 feet (3,200 m) runway was not long enough for a fully loaded 727 to depart, so the passengers and crew were taken by bus the next day to
Varadero
, where they boarded a
Douglas DC-7
operated by an American "refugee airlift service".
[5]
The
Phoenix Program
, a U.S. initiative intended to identify and "neutralize" the infrastructure of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (the "
Viet Cong
"), was launched by the American
CIA
.
[6]
Japan
's new
postal code
system
was launched at
Tokyo
's Central Post Office.
[7]
Initially, the code consisted of five digits; starting in 1998, it became a seven-digit code.
[8]
The
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
was signed in Washington, Moscow and London and opened for signature by the other nations of the world.
[9]
[10]
In the United States, the
Chicago Great Western Railway
was merged with the
Chicago and North Western Railway
.
[11]
July 2
, 1968 (Tuesday)
Frank Milton
, the
Chief Metropolitan Magistrate
of London's
Bow Street Magistrates' Court
, ordered that accused American assassin
James Earl Ray
be
extradited
back to the United States to face charges for the murder of Dr.
Martin Luther King Jr.
. Extradition had been sought both by the state of
Tennessee
, for King's April 4 murder, and by
Missouri
for Ray's escape from prison in 1967. Milton told Ray directly that the ruling would not take effect until July 17 and that Ray had a right to apply for a
writ of habeas corpus
.
[12]
The
18th Berlin International Film Festival
ended. The Golden Bear prize was awarded to the Swedish film
Ole dole doff?
, directed by
Jan Troell
.
[13]
Born:
Ron Goldman
, American restaurant waiter and friend of actress
Nicole Brown Simpson
; in
Chicago, Illinois
(murdered by alleged killer
O. J. Simpson
, 1994)
[14]
Died:
Cardinal
Francis Brennan
, 74, Roman Catholic cardinal and
Dean of the Roman Rota
. An obituary would note that he "rose from a coal town in Pennsylvania to the highest post ever held by an American in the Vatican."
[15]
Sir
Hans Heysen
, 90, German-born Australian painter
[16]
July 3
, 1968 (Wednesday)
At the direction of
CCP Chairman
Mao Zedong
, the
Chinese Communist Party
(CCP) Central Committee issued the "July 3 Public Notice", described as "an important turning point of the
Cultural Revolution
" and "the first clear indication that Mao and the central leadership had finally decided to put an end to nationwide violence and chaos."
[17]
The order came in the wake of the massacre of thousands of rebels in the
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
by the armies of the Guangxi political commissar, General
Wei Guoqing
; one historian estimated that as many as 80,000 people were killed in Guangxi during the period before and after the July 3 notice.
[18]
Six people and eight
racehorses
were killed in
a cargo plane crash
at
London Heathrow Airport
.
[19]
[20]
The chartered
BKS Air Transport
plane, an
Airspeed Ambassador
, was arriving from France where it was transporting the group from
William Hill
's farm in
Deauville
, when
metal fatigue
caused it to lose control while landing. The plane struck two empty BEA airliners after touching down.
[21]
At the end of a two day, closed-door meeting of the
Soviet Communist Party Politburo
regarding the crisis of the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia, Soviet Foreign Minister
Andrei Gromyko
told the 11 full members that "It is now quite clear that we cannot avoid an armed intervention."
[22]
July 4
, 1968 (Thursday)
British yachtsman
Alec Rose
completed his solo trip around the world after 354 days, as his
ketch
,
Lively Lady
, sailed into
Portsmouth
harbour and was welcomed by 200,000 cheering spectators after an escort by a flotilla of 300 boats. Rose, a 59-year-old vegetable dealer, had spent 320 of his 354 days alone at sea, "longer than any man known in history."
[23]
[24]
[25]
Rose had set off from Portsmouth on July 16, 1967, gotten repairs to his vessel from the people of
Bluff, New Zealand
during February, and rounded the dangerous waters off
Cape Horn
on April 2 before returning to Portsmouth almost a year after he had left.
[26]
Died:
Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke
, 79, Nazi General, commander of paratroopers during World War II, convicted war criminal, and right-wing advocate after the war.
[27]
Gustaf Larson
, 80, Swedish automotive engineer and the co-founder of
Volvo
July 5
, 1968 (Friday)
Two members of a
USO
-sponsored pop music band were killed, and two others wounded, when they were ambushed while being transported to perform a concert for a group of U.S. Army members at the coastal resort of
Vung Tau
. Phil Pill, 19, was a keyboard player and Curt Willis, 17, a drummer, for the group "Brandi Perry and the Bubble Machine". Wounded were 20-year-old Paula Levine, who had auditioned after concluding that "she could make a bigger mark as a pop singer by going to Vietnam than by any other route"
[28]
and Jack Bone, 18, played bass.
Rod Laver
beat fellow Australian
Tony Roche
in three straight sets (6–3, 6–4, 6–2) to win the
Wimbledon Men's Singles
tennis competition.
[29]
Laver collected £2000 in prize money (roughly $4,800), compared to the £750 awarded to the women's singles champion.
[30]
[31]
Alec Rose
was knighted by Queen
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
in recognition of his achievement in sailing around the world single-handed.
[32]
[33]
July 6
, 1968 (Saturday)
The
FBI
sent a memorandum to its field offices outlining 11 approved
COINTELPRO
(
CO
unter
INTEL
ligence
PRO
gram) practices for disrupting American anti-government organizations collectively described as the "New Left". The ideas ranged from sending anonymous information and misinformation to the local press and the families of organization leaders, to instigating personal conflicts among group leaders, to more extreme measures such as to "create the impression that leaders are 'informants for the Bureau or other law enforcement agencies" and to "have members arrested on marijuana charges."
[34]
Billie Jean King
of the United States defeated Australian
Judy Tegart
9–7, 7–5, to win the
Wimbledon Ladies' Singles
tennis competition. She became the first tennis player (since
Maureen Connolly
in 1954) to win three singles crowns in a row.
[35]
Born:
John Dickerson
, American journalist and a reporter for
CBS News
; in
Washington, D.C.
[36]
July 7
, 1968 (Sunday)
The
Communist Party USA
nominated a presidential candidate for the first time since
Earl Browder
ran in 1940, choosing 38-year-old
Charlene Mitchell
as the first African-American woman to run for President of the United States, concluding its four day convention at the Diplomat Hotel in Harlem.
[37]
Her running mate, Michael Zagarell was a 23-year-old white man from Brooklyn, younger than the constitutionally required age of 35. The Mitchell and Zagarell ticket, on the ballot only in New York, would receive only 1,077 of the 73,199,999 votes cast in the election in November.
[38]
Elections were held for Japan's
House of Councillors
, the upper house of the Diet, Japan's parliament.
[39]
As in the lower house, the
Liberal Democratic Party
won a plurality of the vote, sufficient for 137 of the 250 seats. The
Japan Socialist Party
was in second place, with 65 seats.
Twenty-six people were killed, and 11 others seriously injured near the town of
Natagaima
in
Colombia
, when the bus they were riding struck a bridge abutment and then plunged over a cliff. The bus was on the way from
Neiva
to
Bogota
.
[40]
[41]
The Yardbirds
played their final concert, as the British R&B group finished its run at the
Luton College of Technology
in
Bedfordshire
.
[42]
[43]
Died:
Edgar Monsanto Queeny
, 70, American business executive, chemist and conservationist who built the
Monsanto
Corporation from a small manufacturer of pesticides into the fifth largest chemical company in the world.
[44]
July 8
, 1968 (Monday)
A powerful
solar flare
knocked out short wave radio communications on all sunlit portions of the earth, starting at 1803 UTC. The flare was the result of a powerful explosion on the surface of the Sun almost
8
+
1
⁄
2
minutes earlier, four days after the Earth had reached its
aphelion
(94,511,923 miles, its furthest distance from the Sun) on July 4.
[45]
Thirty-one
Egyptian
civilians were killed and 58 wounded when artillery shells landed in the El Arbaeen section of the city of
Suez
during a battle between
Israeli
and Egyptian forces on opposite sides of the
Suez Canal
. Israel said that the battle began after Israeli occupation forces at
Port Tewfik
were struck by Egyptian artillery.
[46]
With reconnaissance photographs as evidence, the CIA reported to U.S. President
Lyndon Johnson
that, with American bombing of North Vietnam having been suspended,
Haiphong
, North Vietnam's largest port, was receiving military cargo from the Soviet Union and from Communist China at unprecedented levels.
[47]
The U.S. Navy's last flight of the
P-5 Marlin
flying boat
began when an unidentified pilot lifted off from
San Diego Bay
to fly the aircraft to the Smithsonian Institution.
[48]
Born:
Michael Weatherly
, American TV actor known for
NCIS
and for
Bull
; in
New York City
Billy Crudup
, American stage and film actor; in
Manhasset, New York
July 9
, 1968 (Tuesday)
The first
heart transplant
in a Communist nation, and the 25th overall, was performed by a 25-man team of surgeons led by Dr. Karol Siska, at the
Slovak Institute of Further Education of Physicians and Pharmacists
in
Bratislava
, the capital of the Slovak region of
Czechoslovakia
.
[49]
Mrs. Elena Horvathova died five hours after receiving the donor heart. At the time of the surgery, only 7 of the 25 people who had received donor hearts were still alive.
North Vietnamese Air Force pilot Nguyen Phi Hung claimed to have become an
ace
by shooting down his fifth enemy plane of the Vietnam War, a
U.S. Navy F-8 Crusader
(although the U.S. Navy records did not show the loss of an F-8) over the
Gulf of Tonkin
; his honor was short-lived, because before 1st Lieutenant Hung could land, he was killed when his
MiG-17 fighter
was shot down by a U.S. Navy F8-E.
[50]
The
flag of North Vietnam
was raised over the
Khe Sanh Combat Base
by the
North Vietnamese Army
, 12 days after the
United States Marines
had abandoned the outpost.
[51]
[52]
During the fighting that continued in South Vietnam's Quang Tri Province in the hills above the base, the Marines killed 89 of the North Vietnamese and lost 13 of their own.
[53]
All 11 people on board a chartered
Saudi Arabian Airlines
Convair CV-340
were killed when the plane crashed while attempting to land at the
Dhahran International Airport
during a dust storm.
[54]
[55]
July 10
, 1968 (Wednesday)
Georges Pompidou
resigned from his position as
Prime Minister of France
after more than six years, apparently after he and President
Charles de Gaulle
disagreed over de Gaulle's handling of the student and worker strikes of May 1968. After accepting Pompidou's resignation, de Gaulle asked
Maurice Couve de Murville
to form a new government.
[56]
Gunmen assassinated the governor of the
Philippines
'
Tarlac Province
in front of 100 witnesses as he was walking back to his office in
Tarlac City
. Minutes earlier, Nicolas Feliciano and his pilot, Captain Cenen Tumbaga (who was also killed), had returned to the provincial capital after a flight from
Manila
.
[57]
In the United Kingdom, the 135-year-old
National Provincial Bank
and the 134-year-old
Westminster Bank
completed their merger to become National Westminster Bank, which operates under the trade name
NatWest
.
[58]
Born:
Hassiba Boulmerka
, Algerian athlete and gold medalist in the 1500 meter race in the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1991 and 1995 world championships; in
Constantine
July 11
, 1968 (Thursday)
The latest
Gallup poll
figures were released, showing that voters would prefer Democrat
Hubert H. Humphrey
over Republican
Richard M. Nixon
for the U.S. presidency by a 46% to 35% margin, but that if
Nelson A. Rockefeller
were the Republican nominee, the voters were evenly divided, 36% to 36% (with another 21% preferring independent candidate
George C. Wallace
.
[59]
A Gallup survey of a separate group of adults showed that if
Eugene McCarthy
was the Democrat nominee, he would have a 39% to 36% lead over Nixon and a 37% to 35% lead over Rockefeller.
[60]
The board of trustees of
Vassar College
, one of the leading higher education institutions for women in the United States, voted to become fully coeducational and to admit its first male students, beginning with the 1969 spring semester. The 107-year-old institution had announced plans in October to establish a separate college for men, but chose instead to have a student exchange program with the all-male
Williams College
. The decision would be announced on October 1.
[61]
July 12
, 1968 (Friday)
The attempted hijacking of
Delta Air Lines
Flight 977 was foiled by members of the crew. U.S. Senator
James O. Eastland
of
Mississippi
and hijacker Oran Daniel Richards were among the 48 passengers on the flight from
Philadelphia
to
Houston
. Carrying a .45 caliber pistol, Richards forced his way into the cockpit and ordered the pilot, Captain Forrest Dines, to divert the plane to Cuba. The flight engineer, Glenn Smith, calmly talked to Richards and persuaded him to drop the weapon, then continued the conversation until Richards had calmed down. The
Convair 880
then made a landing in
Miami
, where Richards was arrested. The event "was believed to be the first hijacking thwarted in flight".
[62]
Richards, a former mental patient, would be found incompetent to stand trial and would later be committed to the
United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners
in
Springfield, Missouri
.
[63]
Died:
Antonio Pietrangeli
, 49, Italian film director, killed when he fell off a cliff into the
Tyrrhenian Sea
near
Gaeta
.
[64]
Pietrangeli was on location for his final film,
Come, quando, perché
.
July 13
, 1968 (Saturday)
A worldwide pandemic
began when the first diagnosis of
influenza A virus subtype H3N2
was recorded in
Hong Kong
. The subsequent illness, which caused the deaths of an additional 1,000,000 people worldwide and perhaps as many as 4,000,000,
[65]
was referred to as the "
Hong Kong flu
" worldwide.
[66]
Gary Player
of South Africa won the
British Open
golf tournament, held at
Carnoustie Golf Links
in Scotland. With 289 strokes for 72 holes, Player finished two strokes ahead of both
Jack Nicklaus
of the United States and
Bob Charles
of New Zealand.
[67]
[68]
A
Boeing 707
cargo plane of the Belgian airline
Sabena
hit trees and crashed on approach to
Lagos Airport
,
Nigeria
; all seven people on board were killed.
[69]
Martha Vasconcellos
, appearing as "Miss Brazil", won the
17th Miss Universe beauty pageant
, held in
Miami
.
[70]
Died:
Jess Lapid
, 34, Filipino action film star known in the Philippines for
film Westerns
and detective movies, shot by two gunmen at the Lanai Nightclub in
Manila
. Lapid had just completed work on his latest film,
The Simmaron Brothers
.
[71]
July 14
, 1968 (Sunday)
The Great Passion Play
, which describes itself as "the largest outdoor drama in the United States" (based on total attendance each season), was first performed. Held in
Eureka Springs, Arkansas
at a 4,100 seat
amphitheater
at the base of the
Christ of the Ozarks
statue, and inspired by the
Oberammergau Passion Play
that has taken place in Germany since 1634, the play is now performed regularly between May and October every year.
[72]
Three Soviet space program engineers were killed during the prelaunch testing of a
Proton-K
rocket, when a liquid oxygen tank on the fourth stage ruptured and exploded. The lower three stages of the rocket, meant to propel an unmanned
Soyuz 7K-L1
spacecraft into lunar orbit as part of the
Zond program
, remained intact but 7K-L1 #8 was discarded.
[73]
Two spectators were killed, and 27 others injured, at the Berlin Raceway in
Marne, Michigan
when a race car crashed into the grandstand after its driver lost control. The 18-year-old driver, who was thrown from the car as it rear-ended another racer, sustained only minor injuries.
[74]
LeeRoy Yarbrough
won the
1968 Northern 300
NASCAR motor race, held at
Trenton Speedway
.
[75]
Died:
Ron Rector
, 24, American NFL running back for the Atlanta Falcons; of injuries sustained in a motorcycle accident on June 29
[76]
[77]
July 15
, 1968 (Monday)
The first commercial air service between the
United States
and the
Soviet Union
began with the landing of an
Aeroflot
Ilyushin Il-62
airliner from
Moscow
at 5:27 in the afternoon at
New York
's
John F. Kennedy International Airport
.
[78]
At 8:23 in the evening,
Pan American World Airways
Flight 44, a
Boeing 707
, took off from JFK and arrived 11 hours and 19 minutes later (at 2:42 p.m. local time the next day) at Moscow's
Sheremetyevo International Airport
.
[79]
The Women's Social Services Law took effect in
Iran
, directing that all women between the age of 18 and 25, and who had graduated from high school, could be called military service in order for 18 months service in rural areas or poor urban neighborhoods. For women under the age of 30 who had a degree beyond high school, the military service was obligatory.
[80]
The first episode of the American
soap opera
One Life to Live
was introduced on the
ABC television network
. The show would continue for more than 43 years, until its farewell episode on January 20, 2012.
[81]
July 16
, 1968 (Tuesday)
Alexander Dubcek and the Presidium of the
Czechoslovak Communist Party
received a letter signed by the Communist Party leaders of five other
Warsaw Pact
nations (the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Hungary and Bulgaria) giving a two week deadline for the Czechoslovakian leadership to appear at a meeting to justify the democratic reforms that the Czechoslovakian Communists had made during the "
Prague Spring
". The demands included outlawing political groups that opposed Communism, restoring censorship of the Czechoslovakian media, and reasserting "the principled basis of Marxism-Leninism, an undeviating observance of the principle of democratic centralism" led by the example of the Soviets.
[82]
Born:
Larry Sanger
, American Internet project developer and philosopher who co-founded
Wikipedia
along with
Jimmy Wales
; in
Bellevue, Washington
[83]
Dhanraj Pillay
, Indian field hockey player with 339 appearances for the Indian national team; in
Khadki
,
Maharashtra
state
Barry Sanders
, American NFL football running back and Pro Football Hall of Fame member; in
Wichita, Kansas
July 17
, 1968 (Wednesday)
A U.S. Army amphibious boat, and its crew of 11 Americans and one South Vietnamese, was seized by the neutral kingdom of
Cambodia
and then kept imprisoned for more than five months,
[84]
after veering into the Cambodian side of the
Mekong River
that marked its border with
South Vietnam
.
[85]
Cambodia's monarch, Prince
Norodom Sihanouk
, demanded a ransom of 12 bulldozers or tractors for return of the
LCU
amphibious craft and its men, and refused an American apology.
[86]
Although treated well during their captivity, the Americans would not be released until December 20.
[87]
National Airlines
Flight 1064 from
Los Angeles
to
New Orleans
was hijacked shortly after it had stopped at
Houston
. Just 35 minutes before the DC-8 jet reached New Orleans, a passenger holding a hand grenade took control and diverted the flight to Cuba. At
Havana
, Cuban authorities transferred the other 56 passengers to a U.S. government chartered propeller-driven DC-7, and they were flown to Miami to catch a flight to their original destination. The crew of the DC-8 flew back to Miami separately.
[88]
Yellow Submarine
, a
psychedelic
animated film that was inspired by
a 1966 song of the same name
, premiered at the
London Pavilion
.
The Beatles
had a cameo appearance, but their animated characters were voiced by other actors (
John Clive
,
Geoffrey Hughes
, Peter Batten and
Paul Angelis
).
[89]
Most critics enjoyed the animation style, although
TIME
magazine would later describe the film as "too square for hippies and too hip for squares."
[90]
The
17 July Revolution
took place in
Iraq
as the
Ba'ath Party
overthrew the government of
Abdul Rahman Arif
and put the Middle Eastern nation under the control of its
Revolutionary Command Council
.
[91]
Arif was arrested and put on an
Iraqi Airways
flight from
Baghdad
to
Istanbul
, where he then proceeded to London.
[92]
As Chairman of the Council, Ba'athist leader
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
became the new
President of Iraq
.
[93]
July 18
, 1968 (Thursday)
Intel
, which would become one of the world's leading computer
semiconductor
manufacturing companies, was founded by two engineers who had worked at
Fairchild Semiconductor
,
Robert Noyce
and
Gordon E. Moore
in
Mountain View, California
.
[94]
They initially called the company and given the name "N M Electronics, Inc.", then soon changed it to "Intelcorporation"
[95]
before settling on a shorter and more memorable name, Intel,
[96]
derived from a combination of the words
int
egrated and
el
ectronics and suggestive of the word "intelligence".
[97]
At 5:00 in the morning
Eastern Time
, mail delivery ceased in Canada as
Canada Post
workers walked out on strike.
[98]
Canadian businesses, located in cities near the United States border, compensated by renting boxes in U.S. post offices for their deliveries.
[99]
The strike would finally be resolved after three weeks with an accord reached on August 6.
[100]
In Philadelphia, spokesmen for the
Atlantic Richfield Company
(ARCO) and the
Humble Oil
and Refining Company announced the discovery of the
Prudhoe Bay Oil Field
beneath the
Alaska North Slope
.
[101]
The oil field, the largest in
North America
and one of the largest in the world, had been discovered almost seven months earlier, on
December 26, 1967
.
[102]
Czechoslovakia's Prime Minister
Alexander Dubcek
went on national television and radio and told his people that he and the Communist Party would continue the democratic reforms of the Prague Spring, despite demands from the party chiefs in the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies to discontinue the reforms.
[103]
[104]
Died:
Corneille Heymans
, 76, Belgian physiologist and 1938
Nobel Prize
laureate
[105]
July 19
, 1968 (Friday)
North Vietnam
released three American
prisoners of war
who had been captured in the past seven months. All three— Major James Frederick Low, Captain Joe Victor Carpenter, and Major Fred Thompson — were United States Air Force pilots who had been shot down on December 16, February 15 and March 20 respectively. The three men were accepted by the
International Control Commission
in
Hanoi
and flown to
Vientiane
in Laos.
[106]
James Earl Ray
arrived in the United States on a U.S. Air Force
C-135
after almost six weeks incarceration in
London
's Wandsworth Prison. After the C-135 landed in
Memphis, Tennessee
, FBI agents handed him over to Tennessee law enforcement officials who placed him in an armored car and transported him to a specially constructed cell on the third floor of the
Shelby County Jail
.
[107]
All 44 crewmen on the burning Philippine freighter SS
Magsaysay
were rescued by South Korean patrol boats, more than four hours after the ship sent a distress call. The 7,000 ton
Magsaysay
had been transporting lumber to the South Korean port of
Inchon
when the cargo caught fire near
Daehuksando Island
.
[108]
July 20
, 1968 (Saturday)
The first
Special Olympics
games were held, as 1,000 developmentally disabled American and Canadian children, between the ages of 8 and 18, competed during the one-day event at
Soldier Field
in
Chicago
.
[109]
[110]
The event, organized by
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
, would be celebrated 40 years later as "one of the most prominent and celebrated sporting programs in the entire world", with programs that were serving 2,500,000 athletes worldwide by 2008.
[111]
July 21
, 1968 (Sunday)
China's Communist Party Chairman
Mao Zedong
issued a decree creating what would be called "July 21 universities" or "21 July Workers' Universities". Inspired by a case study of the Shanghai Machine Tool Factory methods for training its employees, Mao directed expanding the program nationwide. "We still need to have universities," he wrote in his study, published the next day in
People's Daily
, "but we must shorten the period of schooling, make education reforms, put proletarian politics in command, and take the path of Shanghai Machine Tool Factory to turn factory workers into technicians and engineers." He added that universities "should select their students from workers and peasants. After a few years of study, students should return to their fields of practice." By the time of Mao's death in 1976, there would be 780,000 students enrolled in the July 21 universities.
[112]
All 14 people on board an
Aeroflot
Antonov An-2
were killed when the aircraft strayed off course and crashed into a 4,000-meter (13,000 ft) high mountain peak near
Sufi-Kurgan
in the Soviet Union's
Kirghiz SSR
(now
Kyrgyzstan
).
[113]
The
International Convention on Load Lines
, which set uniform safety standards for the
waterlines
of ships (the mark on a ship to show the limit of how far its hull could go into the ocean), entered into effect.
[114]
American golfer
Julius Boros
won the
1968 PGA Championship
, held at
Pecan Valley Golf Club
in
San Antonio, Texas
.
[115]
Jan Janssen
of the Netherlands won the
1968 Tour de France
.
Died:
Ruth St. Denis
, 89, American pioneer of
modern dance
and co-founder (with Ted Shawn) of the
Denishawn school
[116]
July 22
, 1968 (Monday)
The
Mexican Student Movement of 1968
began after students from two rival high schools fought during a soccer game
[117]
between Vocational School #2 (affiliated with the
Instituto Politécnico Nacional
(IPN)) and the Isaac Ochoterena Preparatory School (operated by the
National Autonomous University of Mexico
(UNAM)). Two neighborhood gangs, "Las Arañas" (The Spiders) and "Los Ciudadelos" (The City Boys) joined in the violence between the vocational and prep schools, and Mexican riot police brutally suppressed the street fight. "Although this street battle seemed benign," an author would later note, "it would trigger a sequence of events that led to a confrontation between youth and government forces."
[118]
Four days later, two groups of student marchers, both of whom had received governmental permits to march, were suppressed in another attack by police, leading to increasing student dissent met by increasing police response that would reach a climax with the
massacre of more than 300 students
on October 2.
[119]
El Al Flight 426
, from
London
to
Tel Aviv
, was hijacked by three members of the
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
. Thirty minutes after the
Boeing 707
had taken off from
Rome
on its flight to Israel, the commando group forced its way into the cockpit and
pistol-whipped
the pilot, Captain Obed Arbabanel, and ordered the copilot to fly to
Algiers
, where it landed at 12:35 local time (2135 Monday UTC) in the early hours of July 23 about 90 minutes after the PFLP had taken control. The act has been described as "the advent... of the modern era of international terrorism".
[120]
The PFLP terrorists had selected Flight 426 in the mistaken beliefs that Israeli General
Ariel Sharon
was on board, and that Arbabanel carried a
diplomatic pouch
that would reveal Israeli state secrets.
[121]
Saturday delivery of mail to American homes would be discontinued after August 31, and mail would be delivered to residences only four days per week beginning in December, in a plan announced to a U.S. Senate committee by
United States Postmaster General
W. Marvin Watson
. Watson, who was responding to a Congressional mandate to reduce the number of postal workers, also testified that 314 smaller post offices had been ordered closed and that another 186 would be eliminated by year's end.
[122]
The Soviet Union also dropped demands that Premier Dubcek and the other ten members of the Presidium of Czechoslovakia come to the USSR for a meeting with the Soviet Politburo, and announced that all 11 members of the Soviet Communist Party's Politburo would come to Czechoslovakia, a decision which the
New York Times
described as "momentous" and one for which "no precedent could be recalled".
[123]
The Soviet Union withdrew its remaining troops from Czechoslovakia, more than three weeks after the originally scheduled end of the Warsaw Pact military exercises.
[124]
Two Soviet regiments remained at
Cieszyn
in
Poland
, directly across the
Olza River
from
Český Těšín
.
[125]
Virginia Slims
cigarettes, a tobacco product marketed as the choice of a modern woman, were introduced by the
Benson & Hedges
company with the slogan "You've come a long way, baby".
[126]
The product
test marketed
in
San Francisco
before being rolled out nationwide.
[127]
July 23
, 1968 (Tuesday)
At
NASA Headquarters
, movements were underway on July 23 and 24 to select a new name for post-
Apollo
human spaceflight
(the
Apollo Applications Program
, or AAP) - one that would be more descriptive of the agency's real goals and objectives. At the Planning Study Group meeting,
Douglas R. Lord
, Chairman of the Working Group on Extension of Manned Space Flight, was asked to recommend a new name for
NASA
's
Earth-orbiting
flight program of the mid-1970s. However, AAP Director
Charles W. Mathews
urged that the name AAP be retained because NASA had a good deal invested in it. On July 26,
Julian M. West
wrote Lord recommending that NASA choose some other name to cover both AAP and an interim space base of the mid-1970s (dubbed the "IOWS" program, for Interim Orbital Workshop). West urged that all such names as "AAP," "Workshop," and "Extension of Manned Space Flight" be dropped because they did not accurately describe what he saw as "the major goal-manned space flight itself." West voted for a name put forward by
George Trimble
of
Manned Spacecraft Center
(MSC), "Space Base Program," which he believed covered NASA's mid-1970s missions. "We are establishing a foothold for man in space."
[128]
Ten people were killed and 18 others wounded
as police in
Cleveland
and a black nationalist militant group fought a gun battle in the Glenview section on the predominantly black East Side of the Ohio city near the corner of East 105th Street and Superior Avenue.
[129]
The violence started at 8:30 in the evening at Lakeview and Arbondale Avenues when five men with automatic rifles fired at a police car and a tow truck that had arrived to tow away an abandoned car, followed by sniper fire from apartment houses around the intersection. Fred "Ahmed" Evans, the leader of the
Black Power
advocacy group "Black Nationalists of New Libya", reportedly told three arresting officers, "If my carbine hadn't jammed, I would have killed you three. I had you in my sights when my rifle jammed." The ten dead were three policemen, three suspects and four bystanders; 10 of the 18 people wounded were policemen. The violence ended after a heavy rainstorm and the intervention of 2,600 Ohio National Guard troops.
[130]
[131]
[132]
[133]
One of the ten wounded police officers would die from complications of his injuries in March of 1993.
[134]
A new
labor union
, the
Alliance for Labor Action
, was created as
United Auto Workers
(UAW) President
Walter Reuther
and
International Brotherhood of Teamsters
President
Frank Fitzsimmons
announced their partnership and their plans to lure away other affiliates of the
AFL–CIO
.
[135]
After Reuther's death in 1970 and the depletion of the ALA's treasury during a UAW strike against
General Motors
, the ALA would disband in 1972.
Born:
Mr. Warburton
, American television cartoon producer and director; known for creating the animated television series
Codename: Kids Next Door
; in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
[136]
Gary Payton
, American NBA basketball point guard and Hall of Fame member; in
Oakland, California
Died:
U.S. Air Force Major General
Robert F. Worley
, 48, deputy commander of the United States Seventh Air Force, killed by enemy fire in South Vietnam when the reconnaissance plane that he was piloting was shot down.
[137]
Worley had been directing "the huge armada of Air Force planes bombing North and South Vietnam" and had only 17 days remaining before he was to be reassigned to another country.
Henry Hallett Dale
, 93, English pharmacologist and physiologist and 1936 Nobel laureate
[138]
July 24
, 1968 (Wednesday)
A group of 7,000 members of the
Meskhetian Turks
minority of the Soviet Union demonstrated outside of the headquarters of the
Communist Party of the Georgian SSR
in
Tbilisi
and demanded a meeting with the Soviet republic's leadership to discuss the right to return to the territory from which they had been deported in 1944.
[139]
Local police brutally dispersed the group, but Party First Secretary
Vasil Mzhavanadze
would meet with representatives of the Meskhetians two days later and promise to find a way of finding regions of the Georgian SSR that would accept roughly 100 families per year.
The
Holy Order of MANS
a monastic-style initiatory
religious order
, was formally incorporated in California by Earl Blighton, an electrical engineer and social worker who had come to San Francisco to preach "esoteric Christianity" to followers "who had tired of the hippie lifestyle and were searching for a coherent path of mystical enlightenment."
[140]
In
Algiers
, the Palestinian hijackers holding
El Al Flight 426
released the 26 non-Israeli passengers who were on board the plane and allowed them to depart to France. Three days later, 10 women and children were allowed to depart, but the remaining 12 passengers and crew of 10 were held as hostages and would remain captive until September.
Born:
Kristin Chenoweth
, American stage, TV and film actress, winner of both a Tony Award (1999) and an Emmy Award (2009); in
Broken Arrow, Oklahoma
[141]
July 25
, 1968 (Thursday)
The
Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) of the United States issued a decision expanding the availability of
VHF/FM marine radio
(for two-way communication between American pleasure boats and marinas) from 18 channels to 39. The frequency range (between 156.0 and 174
megahertz
, at a higher frequency than commercial FM radio broadcasting) remained the same, but the 21 additional channels were added primarily by being put in the spaces between those that existed.
[142]
Pope Paul VI
signed the papal encyclical
Humanae vitae
, which would be described as "the careful and prudent reflection of the pontiff upon the report of the papal commission" that had considered the Roman Catholic Church position on
contraception
; the encyclical was not published until four days later.
[143]
July 26
, 1968 (Friday)
The United Kingdom announced its plans for conversion to the
metric system
by the end of the year 1975, as
Minister of Technology
Anthony Wedgwood Benn
told the House of Commons that the government had accepted the recommendations of the House's Standing Joint Committee on Metrication.
[144]
The United Kingdom's
Theatres Act 1968
, subtitled "An Act to abolish censorship of the theatre and to amend the law in respect of theatres and theatrical performances", received Royal Assent after approval by both Houses of Parliament.
[145]
July 27
, 1968 (Saturday)
By order of China's Communist Party leader
Mao Zedong
, "worker-peasant thought propaganda teams" were dispatched to Beijing's
Tsinghua University
to direct the reform of university education.
Yao Wenyuan
, who was later convicted as one of the "
Gang of Four
" that had guided China's
Cultural Revolution
, would proclaim that "Contradictions which have vexed the intellectuals endlessly are quickly solved as soon as the workers participate," and outlined the goal of resolving what he called "the three differences" of the cultures of urban vs. rural, industrial vs. agricultural, and mental work vs. physical work.
[146]
Royal assent was given to the
British Standard Time Act
after its passage by the House of Commons, providing for a three year experiment in which the United Kingdom would remain on
Central European Time
(CET) year round (one hour ahead of Greenwich Mean Time or Universal Time).
[147]
Rather than setting clocks back on the last Sunday in October, the British public would stay on CET.
Born:
Julian McMahon
, Australian TV and film actor; in
Sydney
Jorge Salinas
, Mexican TV actor; in
Mexico City
July 28
, 1968 (Sunday)
Chinese Communist Party
's Chairman
Mao Zedong
began the process of phasing out the
Red Guards
and the bringing to an end of the most violent part of the
Cultural Revolution
, summoning
Nie Yuanzi
and four other influential Red Guard leaders (Kuai Dafu, Tan Houlan, Han Aijing and Wang Dabin) to his office, and then reprimanded them. "Mao's harsh reproach of the Red Guards at the meeting," an author would later note, "and his decision to send students away from cities afterwards marked the beginning of the end of the Red Guard movement in China."
[148]
Pravda
, the official publication of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, printed an editorial signaling an unofficial Soviet warning to Czechoslovakia. "The Communists and working people of Czechoslovakia have been warned by their class brothers," a party spokesman wrote on the eve of the meeting between the leaders of the two nations, and declared that "Our entire party and people attach great importance to this meeting... time is running out."
[149]
The
American Indian Movement
, which would become the first militant advocacy group for the interests of more than 800,000
Native Americans in the United States
was founded in
Minneapolis
by
Dennis Banks
,
Clyde Bellecourt
and George Mitchell and other members of the
Chippewa
(
Ojibwe
) tribe, initially to protest the police brutality against the Native American minority in Minneapolis and St. Paul.
[150]
A
United States Air Force
C-124C Globemaster II
crashed into a mountain while descending into
Recife/Guararapes International Airport
in
Brazil
. All 10 people on board were killed. The plane was making its regular weekly flight from
Dobbins Air Force Base
in
Marietta, Georgia
, to resupply workers at the United States missile base, codenamed "Wideawake", on
Ascension Island
in the South Atlantic Ocean.
[151]
[152]
England's Court of Appeal upheld a ruling against a judgment of the previous year which had found
Hubert Selby, Jr.
's novel
Last Exit to Brooklyn
to be a violation of the
Obscene Publications Act
. Writer
John Mortimer
, QC, appeared for the defence.
[153]
[154]
Died:
Dr.
Charles W. Mayo
, 70, American surgeon and diplomat; in an auto accident on his 70th birthday
[155]
Otto Hahn
, 89, German chemist who is the discoverer of nuclear fission,
Nobel Prize
laureate
[156]
Ángel Herrera Oria
, 81, Spanish Jesuit priest, Roman Catholic Cardinal and Bishop of Malaga
July 29
, 1968 (Monday)
Pope Paul VI
issued the papal
encyclical
Humanae vitae
, subtitled
On the Regulation of Birth
, reaffirming the position of the Roman Catholic Church on
birth control
, and effectively prohibiting all forms of contraception other than sexual
abstinence
.
[157]
German Catholic theologian
Bernhard Häring
would later write that "No papal teaching document has ever caused such an earthquake in the church as the encyclical
Humanae vitae
"
[158]
and another author would note that dissent toward the encyclical "precipitated a crisis of authority of unprecedented proportions within the Catholic Church".
[159]
[160]
Humanae Vitae
had been completed four days earlier, on July 25, a date sometimes reported as the date of release.
[161]
At the village of
Čierna nad Tisou
, located in southeastern
Czechoslovakia
near its borders with the
Soviet Union
's
Ukrainian SSR
and with
Hungary
, Czechoslovakian Communist leader
Alexander Dubcek
began four days of meetings with Soviet Communist leader
Leonid Brezhnev
in an effort to avoid a war between the Communist nations of Eastern Europe.
[162]
The delegations that met at the railway station in Čierna nad Tisou included Prime Minister
Oldřich Černík
and National Assembly leader
Josef Smrkovský
to accompany Dubcek, and Soviet Premier
Alexei Kosygin
and Communist Party Second Secretary
Mikhail Suslov
arriving with Brezhnev.
[163]
Eighty-seven people were killed in the violent eruption of the
Arenal Volcano
in
Costa Rica
. At 7:30 in the morning local time, the first explosion took place and sent blocks of stone into the air, many of which fell onto the villages of Tabacón, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luís that were located in the valley below.
[164]
[165]
July 30
, 1968 (Tuesday)
Just 13 days after leading the
Ba'ath Party
coup that installed him as
President of Iraq
,
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
consolidated his power by eliminating his Ba'ath Party rivals who had assisted him, including Prime Minister
Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif
, who had been installed on July 17.
[93]
Saddam Hussein
al-Tikriti, a 31-year-old civilian and al-Bakr's chief adviser, led the reorganizational coup and had al-Naif arrested and forced his resignation. Colonel Abd al-Rahman al-Dawud, who had also assisted al-Bakr in the July 17 coup, had been on a diplomatic mission to neighboring Jordan, and agreed not to return to Iraq.
[166]
The
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
, the first model law designed to facilitate the process of
organ donation
in the United States, was adopted by the
National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws
. Within a year, 20 of the 50 United States would enact statutes that used the text of the uniform act.
[167]
The unsuccessful
Apple Boutique
, a retail store in
London
that had been created as a business venture by
The Beatles
, closed its doors not quite eight months after its December 7, 1967, opening, and gave away all of its remaining merchandise.
[168]
A U.S. Air Force
Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker
on a training exercise crashed when its
vertical stabilizer
separated from the aircraft over a forest on
Mount Lassen
, near
Red Bluff, California
; all nine people on board were killed.
[169]
Only three customers showed up for the final run of passenger train service on the
Grand Canyon Railway
. The company's assets were then acquired as a subsidiary of the
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
.
[170]
Thames Television
went on the air for the first time, broadcasting to London and the surrounding area of the UK. The company would continue to hold the independent television franchise for this area until 1992.
[171]
Born:
Robert Korzeniowski
, Polish athlete and gold medalist in the 50 kilometer walk in three Olympics (1996, 2000 and 2004) and 3 world championships (1997, 2001 and 2003); in
Lubaczów
Terry Crews
, American TV actor and pro football player; in
Flint, Michigan
Died:
Jón Leifs
, 69, Icelandic composer, pianist, and conductor
[172]
July 31
, 1968 (Wednesday)
Brian Howe, a three-year-old boy from
Newcastle upon Tyne
in England, was murdered by 10-year-old
Mary Bell
and another girl, Norma Bell. He was last seen by his parents in the street outside his house playing with one of his siblings, the family dog, Mary and Norma. Relatives and neighbours became concerned when Brian went missing. At 11:10 p.m., a search party discovered Brian's body between two large concrete blocks on a railway line known to local children as "Tin Lizzie".
[173]
Cartoonist
Charles M. Schulz
added an African-American character, "
Franklin
", to his popular
Peanuts
comic strip.
[174]
[175]
Schulz made the decision after receiving a letter three months earlier from Mrs. Harriet Glickman, a housewife and mother of three children from
Sherman Oaks, California
.
[176]
The popular British TV situation comedy
Dad's Army
, based on life in World War II for members of the
Local Defence Volunteers
(the Home Guard), is launched on BBC1 as a six-part series. It would prove so successful that it would run for nine years, with 80 episodes.
[177]
Died:
Jack Pizzey
, 57, Premier of Queensland, Australia; of a heart attack
[178]
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, October 2, 1968, p2
^
"Jetliner Hijacker Surrenders, Talked Out Of Flight To Cuba",
Indianapolis News
, July 13, 1968, p2
^
Tim Naftali,
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"Movie Critic Dies In Fall Off Cliff",
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, July 13, 1968, p1
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, July 13, 1968, p1
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(Arcadia Publishing, 2008) p29
^
Wesley T. Huntress, Jr. and Mikhail Ya. Marov,
Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries
(Springer, 2011) p174
^
"2 Dead, 27 Hurt When Race Car Hits Grandstand",
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, July 15, 1968, p1
^
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. Everything Stock Car. Archived from
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^
"Rector Dies of Injuries"],
Milwaukee Sentinel
, July 15, 1968, p1-2
^
"Moscow—N.Y. Flight Arrives",
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, July 16, 1968, p2
^
"U.S. Flight to Moscow Beats Reds",
Pittsburgh Press
, July 16, 1968, p12
^
"Gender and the Army of Knowledge in Pahlavi Iran, 1968— 1979", by Farian Sabahi, in
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, ed. by Sarah Ansari and Vanessa Martin (Routledge, 2014) p109
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"Agnes Nixon, Creator of ‘All My Children,’ Will Help ABC Soap Say Goodbye"
, by John Sellers,
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, August 8, 2011
^
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Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, July 17, 1968, p2
^
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on
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(U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010) p996
^
"Cambodia Seizes U.S. Boat",
Newport (RI) News
, July 19, 1968, p1
^
"Patrol Boat Strays, U. S. Apologizes",
Cincinnati Enquirer
, July 20, 1968, p1
^
"Cambodia Frees 11 GIs Held Captive 5 Months",
LaCrosse (WI) Tribune
, December 20, 1968, p1
^
"56 Flown From Cuba After Hijack",
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, July 18, 1968, p7
^
Hunter Davies,
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, ed. by Beth K. Dougherty and Edmund A. Ghareeb (Scarecrow Press, 2013) p505
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, July 18, 1968, p1
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^
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, March 10, 1970
^
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Pittsburgh Press
, July 19, 1968, p1
^
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Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, July 20, 1968, p3
^
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Chicago Tribune
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^
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"MORE MAIL CUTS IN THE WORKS— Senate Told Of 4-Day Delivery Plan",
Pittsburgh Press
, July 22, 1968, p1
^
"Soviet Politburo Yields to Prague on a Parley Site", by Raymond H. Anderson,
New York Times
, July 23, 1968, p1
^
"Russia Pulls Troops Completely, Sets Up Talks on Czech Soil",
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, July 23, 1968, p1
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"Russians Encamp in Polish Woods; Military Unit Plainly Visible Near the Czech Border", by Jonathan Randal,
New York Times
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(Springer, 2003) p139
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(Indiana University Press, 1995) p1
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(Catholic University of America Press, 2016) p79
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The Guardian
, July 27, 1968, p3
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(Oxford University Press, 2007) p216
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(Springer, 2018) p68
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v
t
e
Events by month
1972
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1971
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1970
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1969
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1968
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1967
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1966
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1965
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1964
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1963
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
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