Warekena language

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Warekena
Baniwa of Maroa, Baniwa of Guainía
Guarequena
Native to	Brazil, Venezuela
Native speakers	650 (2001–2006)^[1] ca. 200 (1999)^[2]
Language family	Arawakan Northern Upper Amazon Orinoco Warekena
Dialects	Warekena do rio Xié
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`gae`
Glottolog	`guar1293`
ELP	Guarequena

Warekena (Guarequena), or more precisely Warekena of Xié, is an Arawakan language of Brazil and of Maroa Municipality in Venezuela, spoken near the Guainia River. It is one of several languages which go by the generic name Baré and Baniwa/Baniva – in this case, distinguished as Baniva de Maroa or Baniva de Guainía.

There may be 10 speakers in Brazil and 200 in Venezuela, per Aikhenvald (1999).

Kaufman (1994) classified it in a Warekena group of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian, Aikhenvald (1999) in Eastern Nawiki.

Personal pronouns in Warekena are formed by adding an emphatic suffix -ya to the cross-referencing personal prefixes.^[3]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar		Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
		Labial	Dental	cen.	lat.	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
Nasal		m	n
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	ts				k
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	d	dz				ɡ
Fricative	voiceless					ʂ
Fricative	voiced					ʐ
Rhotic	tap			ɾ	ɺ
Rhotic	trill			r
Approximant		w					j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e
Low		a

/u/ can also range to [o].^[4]

Grammar

Unmarked constituent order is AVO, VS_o, S_aV, or S_ioV.^[3]

AVO:

wa-hã

then-PAUS

waʃi

jaguar

yutʃia-hã

kill-PAUS

ema

tapir

"Then the jaguar killed the tapir"

VS_o:

ʃupe-hẽ

many-PAUS

ʃiani-pe

child-PL

"Children are many"

S_aV:

peya

one

nu-yaɺitua

1sg-brother

wiyua

die

"One of my brothers dies"

S_ioV:

nu-yue

1sg-for

mawali

hungry

"I am hungry"

Indirect objects tend to be placed immediately after the predicate.

References

^ Warekena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Aikhenvald (1999) The Arawak language family.
^ ^a ^b Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1998). "Warekena". In Derbyshire, Desmond C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). Handbook of Amazonian Languages. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 225–439. doi:10.1515/9783110822120. Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 25
^ Socorro Sánchez, Marlene (2005). Morfología y sintaxis del Baniva (PhD thesis). Maracaibo: Universidad de los Andes.

Languages of Brazil

Official language

Regional languages

Indigenous
languages

Arawakan	Asháninka Atorada Baniwa Barawana Baré Enawenê-Nawê Mapidian Mehinaku Palikúr Paresi Tariana Terêna Wapishana Warekena Waurá
Arawan	Deni Jamamadí Kulina Paumarí Zuruahá
Cariban	Amonap Apalaí Bakairi Carib Hixkaryana Ikpeng Macushi Pará Arára Salumá Sikiana Ye'kuana Waiwai
Panoan	Amawaka Kashinawa Shipibo Yaminawa
Macro-Jê	Akwẽ-Xerénte Apinajé Arikapú Bororo Chiquitano Djeoromitxí Kaingang Karajá Kĩsêdjê Krenak Laklãnõ (Xokléng) Maxakalí Mẽbêngôkre Ofayé Panará Rikbaktsa Tapayúna Timbira Xavante
Nadahup	Dâw Hup Kakwa Nadëb
Tupian	Akwáwa Gavião of Jiparaná Juruna Kagwahiva Kaiwá Munduruku Nheengatu Omagua Tapirapé Tenetehara Xeta Xipaya Zo'é
Chapacuran	Oro Win Wariʼ
Tukanoan	Cubeo Tukano Tuyuca Wanano
Nambikwaran	Mamaindê Nambikwara Sabanê
Others	Aikanã Arutani Guató Irantxe Kadiwéu Kanamarí Katawixi Kwaza Ninam Pirahã Ticuna Xukuru

Interlanguages

Sign languages

Non-official

Languages of Venezuela

Official language

Spanish
- Llanero
- Maracucho

Indigenous
languages

Arawakan	Arawak Baniwa Caquetio Mandawaca Paraujano Piapoco Warekena Wayuu
Arutani-Sape	Arutani Sapé
Cariban	Carib Japreria Kapóng Macushi Mapoyo-Yabarana Panare Pemon Sikiana Tamanaku Ye'kuana Yukpa
Chibchan	Barí Uwa
Guahiban	Cuiba Guahibo
Jirajaran	Ayoman Gayon Jirajara
Timotean	Mucuchí Timote
Other	Betoi Hodï Jukude (Maku-Auari) Nheengatu Ninam Sanumá Warao Yaruro

Non-Native
languages

Sign languages

Venezuelan Sign Language

Arawakan (Maipurean) languages

Northern

Caribbean

Palikuran

Pidjanan

Upper Amazon

Western Nawiki	Achawa Amarizana Anauyá Cabiyari (?) Cabre (?) Guarú Kawishana Mainatari Mandawaca Mepuri Pasé Piapoco Resígaro (?) Warekena Waraikú (?) Wainumá–Mariaté Wiriná (?) Yabaâna (?) Yucuna Yumana
Eastern Nawiki	Baniwa Kurripako Tariana
Central Upper Amazon	Avane Baré Baniwa of Guainia Guinao Maipure Marawá Yavitero
Manao	Kariaí Manao Shiriana (?)

Southern

Western	Chamicuro Morique Yanesha'
Central Maipurean	Agavotaguerra (?) Custenau Enawenê-Nawê Paresí Saraveca Waura–Mehináku Yawalapití
Piro	Apurinã Iñapari Cararí Mashco Piro Piro Kanamaré
Bolivia–Parana	Baure Lapachu Moxos Pauna Terêna–Chané
Campa	Asháninka Ashéninga Axininca Caquinte Matsiguenga Nomatsiguenga Pucapucari

Macro-Arawakan

This Arawakan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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