Palikúr language

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Palikúr
Karipuna
Pa'ikwené, Pa'ikwaki
Native to	Brazil, French Guiana
Ethnicity	Palikur
Native speakers	1,500 (2000–2010)^[1]
Language family	Arawakan Northern Palikuran Palikúr
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`plu`
Glottolog	`pali1279`
ELP	Palikur

Palikúr (Brazilian Portuguese: Palicur, French: Palikur) is an Arawakan language of Brazil and French Guiana. Knowledge of French and Portuguese is common, and French Guianese Creole is used as the common language among the tribes in the area and with the local population. Palikúr is considered endangered in French Guiana and vulnerable in Brazil.^[2]^[3]

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k
Plosive	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Fricative			s	ʃ		h
Nasal		m	n
Glide		w		j

Plosives in word-final position are heard unreleased as [p̚, t̚, k̚, b̚, d̚, ɡ̚].
/p/ can be heard as [v] or [β] when before close vowels /i, u/, or within intervocalic positions.
/t, d, n/ when before front vowels /i, ĩ/ are heard as palatal and post-alveolar sounds [tʃ, dʒ, ɲ].

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ĩ		u ũ
Mid	e ẽ		o õ
Open		a ã

/e, o/ are heard as [ɛ, ɔ] within different positions.
/a/ is heard as a nasalized central vowel sound [ɐ̃] when preceding a nasal consonant.^[4]

Loanwords

Palikúr has several loanwords, many of which are wildlife-related, from the Carib language, including:^[5]

English	Palikúr	Carib
Sloth	waikuli	waikore
Anteater	tamanua	tamaanuwa
Giant armadillo	malulaima	manuraimo
Paca	urana	urana
Agouti	kuʃiwai	akusiwai
Peccary	pakira	pakiira
Coati	kuwaʃ	kuwasi
Otter	saruru	sarooro
Squirrel monkey	akarma	akarima
Pied tamarin	kusiri	kusiri
Spider monkey	kuwata	kuwata
Hummingbird	tukusi	tukuʔsi
Juruti	wilusi	werusi
Thrush	kuwaswi	kurasiwai
Southern American bushmaster	urukru	urukuku
Tortoise	wajamu	wajaamu
Giant Amazonian ants	irakrĩ	irako

Pronouns

Palikúr has dependent and independent personal pronouns.^[5] The verb marks the object by using suffixes, but not the subject, which must appear in the form of a nominal group or as an independent pronoun. This affixation of only the object and not of the subject is linguistically very rare: the norm is the affixation for both or for only the subject. The noun complement is marked by a possessive prefix.^[3]

Palikúr	English	Prefixes Noun, Relation, Subject of Verb	Suffixes Object of verb	Independent Pronouns
1sg	I	n(u)-	-(u)n	náhu
2sg	you (singular)	pi-	-pi	písu
3msg	he	ri-	-ri	irV
3fsg	she	ru-	-ru	erV
1pl.incl	we (inclusive)	u-	-wi	wísu
1pl.excl	we (exclusive)	w(a)-		u-su
2pl	you (plural)	ji-	-ji	jí-su
3pl	they	ri-...-kisV, ru-...-kisV	-rikisV, rukisV	irV-kisV

References

^ Palikúr at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Rosélis Remor de Souza Mazurek (2016). "Mapping in the Oiapoque Indigenous Territories". Revue d'ethnoécologie (9). doi:10.4000/ethnoecologie.2701. Archived from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
^ ^a ^b "Le palikur". Sorosoro (in French). Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
^ da Silva, Elissandra Barros (2016). A Língua Parikwaki (Palikur, Arawak): Situação Sociolinguística, Fonética e Fonologia. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
^ ^a ^b Ramirez, Henri (17 March 2021). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora CRV. ISBN 9786555788822.

External links

Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Palikúr". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.

Languages of Brazil

Official language

Regional languages

Indigenous
languages

Arawakan	Asháninka Atorada Baniwa Barawana Baré Enawenê-Nawê Mapidian Mehinaku Palikúr Paresi Tariana Terêna Wapishana Warekena Waurá
Arawan	Deni Jamamadí Kulina Paumarí Zuruahá
Cariban	Amonap Apalaí Bakairi Carib Hixkaryana Ikpeng Macushi Pará Arára Salumá Sikiana Ye'kuana Waiwai
Panoan	Amawaka Kashinawa Shipibo Yaminawa
Macro-Jê	Akwẽ-Xerénte Apinajé Arikapú Bororo Chiquitano Djeoromitxí Kaingang Karajá Kĩsêdjê Krenak Laklãnõ (Xokléng) Maxakalí Mẽbêngôkre Ofayé Panará Rikbaktsa Tapayúna Timbira Xavante
Nadahup	Dâw Hup Kakwa Nadëb
Tupian	Akwáwa Gavião of Jiparaná Juruna Kagwahiva Kaiwá Munduruku Nheengatu Omagua Tapirapé Tenetehara Xeta Xipaya Zo'é
Chapacuran	Oro Win Wariʼ
Tukanoan	Cubeo Tukano Tuyuca Wanano
Nambikwaran	Mamaindê Nambikwara Sabanê
Others	Aikanã Arutani Guató Irantxe Kadiwéu Kanamarí Katawixi Kwaza Ninam Pirahã Ticuna Xukuru

Interlanguages

Sign languages

Non-official

Arawakan (Maipurean) languages

Northern

Caribbean

Palikuran

Pidjanan

Upper Amazon

Western Nawiki	Achawa Amarizana Anauyá Cabiyari (?) Cabre (?) Guarú Kawishana Mainatari Mandawaca Mariaté Mepuri Pasé Piapoco Resígaro (?) Warekena Waraikú (?) Wainumá Wiriná (?) Yabaâna (?) Yucuna Yumana
Eastern Nawiki	Baniwa Kurripako Tariana
Central Upper Amazon	Avane Baré Baniwa of Guainia Guinao Maipure Marawá Yavitero
Manao	Kariaí Manao Shiriana (?)

Southern

Western	Chamicuro Morique Yanesha'
Central Maipurean	Agavotaguerra (?) Custenau Enawenê-Nawê Paresí Saraveca Waura–Mehináku Yawalapití
Piro	Apurinã Iñapari Cararí Mashco Piro Piro Kanamaré
Bolivia–Parana	Baure Lapachu Moxos Pauna Terêna–Chané
Campa	Asháninka Ashéninga Axininca Caquinte Matsiguenga Nomatsiguenga Pucapucari

Macro-Arawakan

This Arawakan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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