Shutrukid dynasty
Dynasty in ancient Elam
The Shutrukid dynasty (c. 1200 – c. 1100 BC ) was a dynasty of the Elamite empire , in modern Iran . Under the Shutrukids, Elam reached a height in power.[ 1]
History
Shutruk-Nakhkhunte was the founder of this dynasty. He took as wife a Babylonian princess, the eldest daughter of Melishihu of Babylon .[ 2] Shutruk-Nakhkhunte and his three sons, Kutir-Nakhkhunte II, Shilhak-In-Shushinak, and Khutelutush-In-Shushinak were capable of frequent military campaigns into Kassite Babylonia (which was also being ravaged by the empire of Assyria during this period), and at the same time were exhibiting vigorous construction activity—building and restoring luxurious temples in Susa and across their Empire.[ 1] Shutruk-Nakhkhunte raided Babylonia, carrying home to Susa trophies like the statues of Marduk and Manishtushu , the Manishtushu Obelisk , the Stele of Hammurabi and the stele of Naram-Sin .[ 1] With these trophies, he attempted to give a new aura to Elam, as the conqueror of Babylonia.[ 1] Shutruk-Nakhunte added his own inscription on the stele of Naram-Sin:
Inscription of Shutruk-Nahhunte in Elamite on the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin . "I am Shutruk-Nahhunte, son of Hallutush-Inshushinak, beloved servant of the god Inshushinak , king of Anshan and Susa, who has enlarged the kingdom, who takes care of the lands of Elam, the lord of the land of Elam. When the god Inshushinak gave me the order, I defeated Sippar . I took the stele of Naram-Sin and carried it off, bringing it to the land of Elam. For Inshushinak, my god, I set it as an offering."
In 1158 BC, after much of Babylonia had been annexed by Ashur-Dan I of Assyria and Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, the Elamites defeated permanently the Kassites, a dynasty which had ruled Mesopotamia for four centuries.[ 1] [ 4] They killed the Kassite king of Babylon, Zababa-shuma-iddin , and replaced him with Shutruk-Nakhkhunte's eldest son, Kutir-Nakhkhunte, who held it no more than three years before being ejected by the native Akkadian speaking Babylonians . The Elamites then briefly came into conflict with Assyria , managing to take the Assyrian city of Arrapha (modern Kirkuk ) before being ultimately defeated and having a treaty forced upon them by Ashur-Dan I .
Kutir-Nakhkhunte's son Khutelutush-In-Shushinak was defeated by Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon, who sacked Susa and returned the statue of Marduk , but who was then himself defeated by the Assyrian king Ashur-resh-ishi I . He fled to Anshan, but later returned to Susa, and his brother Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar may have succeeded him as last king of the Shutrukid dynasty. Following Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, the power of the Elamite empire began to wane, for after the death of this ruler, Elam disappears into obscurity for more than three centuries.
List of rulers
The following list should not be considered complete:
#
Depiction
Name
Succession
Title
Approx. dates
Notes
Middle Elamite II period (c. 1400 – c. 1200 BC )
Shutrukid dynasty (c. 1200 – c. 970 BC )[ 5]
1st
Hallutush-Inshushinak
Unclear succession
King of Anshan and Susa
Uncertain, fl. c. 1217 – c. 1184 BC
2nd
Shutruk-Nakhunte I
Eponymous founder of the Shutrukid dynasty Son of Hallutush-Inshushinak Son-in-law of Melishihu of Babylon [ 2]
King of Anshan and Susa Sovereign of the land of Elam Lord of the land of Elam
Uncertain, r. c. 1184 – c. 1155 BC
temp. of:
3rd
Kutir-Nahhunte II
Son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I
King of Anshan and Susa King of ElamKing of Babylon
Uncertain, r. c. 1155 – c. 1150 BC
temp. of:
4th
Shilhak-Inshushinak I
Son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I
King of Anshan and Susa King of Elam
Uncertain, r. c. 1150 – c. 1120 BC(30 years)
temp. of:
5th
Hutelutush-Inshushinak
Son of Kutir-Nahhunte II
King of Anshan and Susa King of Elam King of Elam and Susiana
Uncertain, r. c. 1120 – c. 1100 BC
temp. of:
Neo-Elamite I period (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC )
6th
Shilhina-Hamru-Lakamar
Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak I
King of Anshan and Susa King of Elam
Uncertain, fl. c. 1115 – c. 980 BC
Elamite dynasty of Babylonia (c. 980 – c. 975 BC )
7th
Mar-biti-apla-usur
Unclear succession
King of Babylon Son of Elam
Uncertain, r. c. 980 – c. 975 BC(6 years)
temp. of:
Elamite Dark Ages (c. 975 – c. 770 BC )
8th
Akshir-Shimut
Unclear succession
King of Anshan and Susa
Uncertain, fl. c. 1110 – c. 975 BC
9th
Akshir-Nahhunte
Unclear succession
King of Anshan and Susa
Uncertain, fl. c. 1100 – c. 970 BC
10th
Kara-Indash
Unclear succession
King of Elam
Uncertain, fl. c. 1070 – c. 830 BC
Neo-Elamite II period (c. 770 – c. 688 BC )
Humban-Tahrid dynasty (c. 830 – c. 688 BC )
11th
Unknown
Unclear succession
King of Anshan and Susa
Uncertain, fl. c. 821 BC
temp. of:
12th
Humban-Numena II
Unclear succession
King of Elam
Uncertain, fl. c. 1100 – c. 821 BC
13th
Shutruk-Nahhunte II
Son of Humban-Numena II
King of Elam
Uncertain, fl. c. 1070 – c. 770 BC
14th
Shutur-Nahhunte I
Son of Humban-Numena II
King of Anshan and Susa
Uncertain, fl. c. 1050 – c. 760 BC
Gallery
See also
References
Citations
^ a b c d e The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre . Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1992. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-87099-651-1 .
^ a b Potts, D. T. (April 2006). "Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf" . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 65 (2). University of Chicago Press : 111– 119. doi :10.1086/504986 .
^ Mieroop, Marc Van De (2015). A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC . John Wiley & Sons. p. 199. ISBN 9781118718230 .
^ Álvarez-Mon, Javier (31 March 2020). The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC . Routledge. p. 434. ISBN 978-1-000-03485-1 .
^ Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.
Bibliography
Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Historia de Elam el vecino mesopotámico", Murcia, 1997. Estudios Orientales . IPOA-Murcia.
Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Textos y Fuentes para el estudio del Elam", Murcia, 2000. Estudios Orientales . IPOA-Murcia.
Quintana Cifuentes, E., La Lengua Elamita (Irán pre-persa) , Madrid, 2010. Gram Ediciones. ISBN 978-84-88519-17-7
Khačikjan, Margaret: The Elamite Language , Documenta Asiana IV, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, 1998 ISBN 88-87345-01-5
Persians: Masters of Empire , Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia (1995) ISBN 0-8094-9104-4
Pittman, Holly (1984). Art of the Bronze Age: southeastern Iran, western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870993657 .
D. T. Potts, "Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf",Journal of Near Eastern Studies , vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 111–119, (April 2006)
McAlpin, David W., Proto Elamo Dravidian: The Evidence and Its Implications , American Philosophy Society (1981) ISBN 0-87169-713-0
Vallat, François. 2010. "The History of Elam". The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS)
Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro; Wicks, Yasmina, eds. (2018). The Elamite World . Routledge Worlds. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-99989-3 .
Cameron, G. (1936). History of Early Iran (Thesis). United States: University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780608165332 .
Ir, E (2015). "SUSA" . Encyclopædia Iranica .
Hansman, J. (1985). "Anshan" . Encyclopædia Iranica . 1. Vol. II. pp. 103– 107.
Hinz, W. (1972). Written at United Kingdom. The Lost World of Elam: Re-creation of a Vanished Civilization . Translated by Barnes, J. University of California: Sidgwick & Jackson . ISBN 9780283978630 .
Leick, G. (2001). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East . Who's Who series. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415132312 .
Majidzadeh, Y. (1991). تاريخ و تمدن ايلام [History and civilization of Elam ] (in Persian). Iran: University of Tehran Press .
Majidzadeh, Y. (1997). تاريخ و تمدن بين النهرين [History and civilization of Mesopotamia ] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Iran: University of Tehran Press. ISBN 9789640108413 .
Potts, Daniel T. (2016) [1999]. The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian State (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK; New York, US: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521563581 .
Vallat, F. (1998). "ELAM i. The history of Elam" . Encyclopædia Iranica . 3. Vol. VIII. pp. 301– 313.
External links
Ancient
3400–539 BC 550 BC–AD 224 AD 224–651
Medieval and early modern
632–1090 977–1432 1370–1925
Modern
See also
Territories/ dates[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5]
Egypt
Canaan
Ebla
Mari
Kish /Assur
Akshak /Akkad
Uruk
Adab
Umma
Lagash
Ur
Elam
4000–3200 BCE
Naqada I Naqada II
Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)
Susa I
Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE) (Anu Ziggurat , 4000 BCE) (Anonymous "King-priests")
Susa II (Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE
Proto-Dynastic period (Naqada III ) Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes
Lower Egypt Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 BCE
Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of Egypt Narmer Palette Narmer Menes Neithhotep ♀ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith ♀ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
Canaanites
Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE)
Proto-Elamite period (Susa III ) (3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE
Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First Eblaite Kingdom
First kingdom of Mari
Kish I dynastyJushur , Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma ,En-tarah-ana Babum , Puannum , Kalibum
2800 BCE
Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna
Uruk I dynastyMeshkiangasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta ")
2700 BCE
Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
Zamug , Tizqar , Ilku Iltasadum
Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")[ 6]
Aga of Kish
Gilgamesh
Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE)Indo-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE
Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser (First Egyptian pyramids )Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni
Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu
Kish II dynasty (5 kings)Uhub Mesilim
Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum
Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur
Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug (Queen Puabi )Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna Mesh-he Melem-ana Lugal-kitun
Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu
2575 BCE
Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
Ur I dynasty Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE
Phoenicia (2500–539 BCE)
Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi
Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba ♀
Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu
Uruk II dynastyEnsha- kushanna
Mug-si
Umma I dynastyPabilgagaltuku
Lagash I dynastyUr-Nanshe Akurgal
A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu
Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur
2450 BCE
Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik
Ush Enakalle
Elamite invasions (3 kings)[ 6]
Shushun-Tarana Napi-Ilhush
2425 BCE
Kun-Damu
Eannatum (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE
Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu
Kish IV dynastyPuzur-Suen Ur-Zababa
Urur
Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi
E-iginimpa'e Meskigal
Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu (Queen Bara-irnun )
Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi
Ur II dynasty NanniMesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
Kikku-Siwe-Temti
2380 BCE
Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
Adab dynastyLugal-Anne-Mundu "King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE
Isar-Damu
Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari
Invasion by Mari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[ 6]
Ukush
Lugalanda Urukagina
Luh-ishan
2350 BCE
Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin
Uruk III dynastyLugal-zage-si (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE
Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu
Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE
Naram-Sin
Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE
First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare
Second Eblaite Kingdom
Third kingdom of Mari (Shakkanakku dynasty)Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan (vassals of the Akkadians)
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi , Imi , Nanum , Ilulu (3 years)Dudu Shu-turul
Uruk IV dynastyUr-nigin Ur-gigir
Lagash II dynastyPuzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku
Hishep-ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE
Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut
Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin
Gutian dynasty (21 kings)La-erabum Si'um
Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu
Umma II dynastyLugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians)
Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani
Tirigan
2125 BCE
Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare
Uruk V dynastyUtu-hengal
2100 BCE
(Vassals of UR III)
Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar (vassals of Ur III)[ 7]
Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025–1763 BCE
Amorite invasions
Ibbi-Sin
Elamite invasionsKindattu (Shimashki Dynasty )
Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite Kingdom (Amorites )Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma
(Amorite Shakkanakkus )Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan (...)Lim Dynasty of Mari (Amorites )Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu )
Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II
Isin-Larsa period (Amorites )Dynasty of Isin : Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Ishtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa : Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty : Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil An-am Irdanene Rîm-Anum Nabi-ilišu
Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu ♀
1800–1595 BCE
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Abraham (Biblical )Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Yamhad (Yamhad dynasty ) (Amorites)
Old Assyria
(Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (Amorites )Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-Muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-Eshuh Ammi-Ditana Ammi-Saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers
Second Babylonian dynasty ("Sealand Dynasty ") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar m DIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil
Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Abydos Dynasty
Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt
Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("Hyksos ")Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi
Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE)Kirta Shuttarna I Baratarna
1531–1155 BCE
Tutankhamun New Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I
Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites ) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-Harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burna-Buriash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliash IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi
Middle Elamite period
(1500–1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha
Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut ♀ Thutmose III
Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten ♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
Hittite Empire Ugarit
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret ♀
Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE
Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period
Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon
Syro-Hittite states
Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II
Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin ") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur
Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini
Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef
Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat ♀ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V
Eight Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa ("Black Pharaohs ")Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun
Neo-Assyrian Empire
(Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser † Shalmaneser † Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon † Sennacherib † Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi † Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon † Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE
Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus
Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt )
Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE
Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic Egypt Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Ceraunus Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II ♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis ♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator ♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra ♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira ♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III ♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV ♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III ♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V ♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena ♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea ♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator ♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV ♀
Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon Argead dynasty : Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty : Antigonus I Seleucid Empire : Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE
Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra ♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias
Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE
Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt
Judaea
Syria
116–117 CE
Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan
Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE
Syria Palaestina
Province of Mesopotamia
Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE
Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Zenobia ♀ Antiochus
273–395 CE
Roman Empire
Province of Egypt
Syria Palaestina
Syria
Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE
(Sasanian conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Shahralanyozan Shahrbaraz
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE
Byzantine Empire
Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran ♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht ♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period
Rulers of ancient Central Asia