ka
geo (B)
kat (T)
kat
nucl1302
42-CAB-baa – bac
Georgian (ქართული ენა, kartuli ena, pronounced [ˈkʰartʰuli ˈena]) is the most widely spoken Kartvelian language; it serves as the literary language or lingua franca for speakers of related languages.[2] It is the official language of Georgia and the native or primary language of 88% of its population.[3] Its speakers today amount to approximately 3.8 million. Georgian is written with its own unique Georgian scripts, alphabetical systems of unclear origin.[1]
Georgian is most closely related to the Zan languages (Megrelian and Laz) and more distantly to Svan. Georgian has various dialects, with standard Georgian based on the Kartlian dialect, and all dialects are mutually intelligible. The history of Georgian spans from Early Old Georgian in the 5th century, to Modern Georgian today. Its development as a written language began with the Christianization of Georgia in the 4th century.
Georgian phonology features a rich consonant system, including aspirated, voiced, and ejective stops, affricates, and fricatives. Its vowel system consists of five vowels with varying realizations. Georgian prosody involves weak stress, with disagreements among linguists on its placement. The language's phonotactics include complex consonant clusters and harmonic clusters. The Mkhedruli script, dominant in modern usage, corresponds closely to Georgian phonemes and has no case distinction, though it employs a capital-like effect called Mtavruli for titles and inscriptions. Georgian is an agglutinative language with a complex verb structure that can include up to eight morphemes, exhibiting polypersonalism. The language has seven noun cases and employs a left-branching structure with adjectives preceding nouns and postpositions instead of prepositions. Georgian lacks grammatical gender and articles, with definite meanings established through context. Georgian's rich derivation system allows for extensive noun and verb formation from roots, with many words featuring initial consonant clusters.
The Georgian writing system has evolved from ancient scripts to the current Mkhedruli, used for most purposes. The language has a robust grammatical framework with unique features such as syncope in morphophonology and a left-branching syntax. Georgian's vocabulary is highly derivational, allowing for diverse word formations, while its numeric system is vigesimal, and it includes notable dictionaries like the "Explanatory dictionary of the Georgian language." The language's phonological and grammatical complexity makes it distinct within the Kartvelian family.
No claimed genetic links between the Kartvelian languages and any other language family in the world are accepted in mainstream linguistics. Among the Kartvelian languages, Georgian is most closely related to the so-called Zan languages (Megrelian and Laz); glottochronological studies indicate that it split from the latter approximately 2700 years ago. Svan is a more distant relative that split off much earlier, perhaps 4000 years ago.[4]
Standard Georgian is largely based on the Kartlian dialect.[5] Over the centuries, it has exerted a strong influence on the other dialects. As a result, they are all, generally, mutually intelligible with standard Georgian, and with one another.[6]
The history of the Georgian language is conventionally divided into the following phases:[7]
The earliest extant references to Georgian are found in the writings of Marcus Cornelius Fronto, a Roman grammarian from the 2nd century AD.[8] The first direct attestations of the language are inscriptions and palimpsests dating to the 5th century, and the oldest surviving literary work is the 5th century Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik by Iakob Tsurtaveli.
The emergence of Georgian as a written language appears to have been the result of the Christianization of Georgia in the mid-4th century, which led to the replacement of Aramaic as the literary language.[7]
By the 11th century, Old Georgian had developed into Middle Georgian. The most famous work of this period is the epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin, written by Shota Rustaveli in the 12th century.
In 1629, a certain Nikoloz Cholokashvili authored the first printed books written (partially) in Georgian, the Alphabetum Ibericum sive Georgianum cum Oratione and the Dittionario giorgiano e italiano. These were meant to help western Catholic missionaries learn Georgian for evangelical purposes.[9]
On the left are IPA symbols, and on the right are the corresponding letters of the modern Georgian alphabet, which is essentially phonemic.
Former /qʰ/ (ჴ) has merged with /x/ (ხ), leaving only the latter.
The glottalization of the ejectives is rather light, and in fact Georgian transliterates the tenuis stops in foreign words and names with the ejectives.[citation needed]
The coronal occlusives (/tʰ tʼ d n/, not necessarily affricates) are variously described as apical dental, laminal alveolar, and "dental".[10]
Per Canepari, the main realizations of the vowels are [i], [e̞], [ä], [o̞], [u].[21]
Aronson describes their realizations as [i̞], [e̞], [ä] (but "slightly fronted"), [o̞], [u̞].[20]
Shosted transcribed one speaker's pronunciation more-or-less consistently with [i], [ɛ], [ɑ], [ɔ], [u].[22]
Allophonically, [ə] may be inserted to break up consonant clusters, as in /dɡas/ [dəɡäs].[23]
Prosody in Georgian involves stress, intonation, and rhythm. Stress is very weak, and linguists disagree as to where stress occurs in words.[20] Jun, Vicenik, and Lofstedt have proposed that Georgian stress and intonation are the result of pitch accents on the first syllable of a word and near the end of a phrase.[24]
According to Borise,[25] Georgian has fixed initial word-level stress cued primarily by greater syllable duration and intensity of the initial syllable of a word.[26] Georgian vowels in non-initial syllables are pronounced with a shorter duration compared to vowels in initial syllables.[27]
Georgian contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (voiced, aspirated, or ejective) that are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. ბგერა bgera 'sound', ცხოვრება tskhovreba 'life', and წყალი ts’q’ali 'water'.[28] There are also frequent consonant clusters, sometimes involving more than six consonants in a row, as may be seen in words like გვფრცქვნი gvprtskvni 'you peel us' and მწვრთნელი mts’vrtneli 'trainer'.
Vicenik has observed that Georgian vowels following ejective stops have creaky voice and suggests this may be one cue distinguishing ejectives from their aspirated and voiced counterparts.[29]
Georgian has been written in a variety of scripts over its history. Currently the Mkhedruli script is almost completely dominant; the others are used mostly in religious documents and architecture.
Mkhedruli has 33 letters in common use; a half dozen more are obsolete in Georgian, though still used in other alphabets, like Mingrelian, Laz, and Svan. The letters of Mkhedruli correspond closely to the phonemes of the Georgian language.
According to the traditional account written down by Leonti Mroveli in the 11th century, the first Georgian script was created by the first ruler of the Kingdom of Iberia, Pharnavaz, in the 3rd century BC. The first examples of a Georgian script date from the 5th century AD. There are now three Georgian scripts, called Asomtavruli 'capitals', Nuskhuri 'small letters', and Mkhedruli. The first two are used together as upper and lower case in the writings of the Georgian Orthodox Church and together are called Khutsuri 'priest alphabet'.
In Mkhedruli, there is no case. Sometimes, however, a capital-like effect, called Mtavruli ('title' or 'heading'), is achieved by modifying the letters so that their vertical sizes are identical and they rest on the baseline with no descenders. These capital-like letters are often used in page headings, chapter titles, monumental inscriptions, and the like.
This is the Georgian standard[30] keyboard layout. The standard Windows keyboard is essentially that of manual typewriters.
Georgian is an agglutinative language. Certain prefixes and suffixes can be joined in order to build a verb. In some cases, one verb can have up to eight different morphemes in it at the same time. An example is ageshenebinat ('you [all] should've built [it]'). The verb can be broken down to parts: a-g-e-shen-eb-in-a-t. Each morpheme here contributes to the meaning of the verb tense or the person who has performed the verb. The verb conjugation also exhibits polypersonalism; a verb may potentially include morphemes representing both the subject and the object.
In Georgian morphophonology, syncope is a common phenomenon. When a suffix (especially the plural suffix -eb-) is attached to a word that has either of the vowels a or e in the last syllable, this vowel is, in most words, lost. For example, megobari means 'friend'; megobrebi (megobØrebi) means 'friends', with the loss of a in the last syllable of the word stem.
Georgian has seven noun cases: nominative, ergative, dative, genitive, instrumental, adverbial and vocative. An interesting feature of Georgian is that, while the subject of a sentence is generally in the nominative case and the object is in the accusative case (or dative), one can find this reversed in many situations (this depends mainly on the character of the verb). This is called the dative construction. In the past tense of the transitive verbs, and in the present tense of the verb "to know", the subject is in the ergative case.
Georgian has a rich word-derivation system. By using a root, and adding some definite prefixes and suffixes, one can derive many nouns and adjectives from the root. For example, from the root -kart-, the following words can be derived: Kartveli ('a Georgian person'), Kartuli ('the Georgian language') and Sakartvelo ('the country of Georgia').
Most Georgian surnames end in -dze 'son' (Western Georgia), -shvili 'child' (Eastern Georgia), -ia (Western Georgia, Samegrelo), -ani (Western Georgia, Svaneti), -uri (Eastern Georgia), etc. The ending -eli is a particle of nobility, comparable to French de, Dutch van, German von or Polish -ski.
Georgian has a vigesimal numeric system like Basque and (partially) French. Numbers greater than 20 and less than 100 are described as the sum of the greatest possible multiple of 20 plus the remainder. For example, "93" literally translates as 'four times twenty plus thirteen' (ოთხმოცდაცამეტი, otkhmotsdatsamet’i).
One of the most important Georgian dictionaries is the Explanatory dictionary of the Georgian language (ქართული ენის განმარტებითი ლექსიკონი). It consists of eight volumes and about 115,000 words. It was produced between 1950 and 1964, by a team of linguists under the direction of Arnold Chikobava.
Georgian has a word derivation system, which allows the derivation of nouns from verb roots both with prefixes and suffixes, for example:
It is also possible to derive verbs from nouns:
Likewise, verbs can be derived from adjectives, for example:
In Georgian many nouns and adjectives begin with two or more contiguous consonants. This is because syllables in the language often begin with two consonants. Recordings are available on the relevant Wiktionary entries, linked to below.
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Georgian and English:
ყველა ადამიანი იბადება თავისუფალი და თანასწორი თავისი ღირსებითა და უფლებებით. მათ მინიჭებული აქვთ გონება და სინდისი და ერთმანეთის მიმართ უნდა იქცეოდნენ ძმობის სულისკვეთებით.
Q’vela adamiani ibadeba tavisupali da tanasts’ori tavisi ghirsebita da uplebebit. Mat minich’ebuli akvt goneba da sindisi da ertmanetis mimart unda iktseodnen dzmobis sulisk’vetebit.
[q(χ)ʼʷe̞ɫä‿ädämiäni‿ibäde̞bä tʰäβisupʰäli dä tʰänäst͡sʼo̞ɾi tʰäβisi ɣiɾse̞bitʰä dä‿upʰle̞be̞bitʰ | mätʰ minit͡ʃ’e̞buli‿äkʰʷtʰ ɡo̞ne̞bä dä sindisi dä‿e̞ɾtʰmäne̞tʰis mimäɾtʰ undä‿ikʰt͡sʰe̞o̞dne̞n dä d͡zmo̞bis sulisk’ʷe̞tʰe̞bitʰ ‖]
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[32]
{{citation}}
Sebuah corong Büchner dipasang pada labu melalui suatu adapter elastomer hitam. Celah selang dihubungkan melalui selang vakum menuju sumber vakum seperti aspirator. Gambar penampang Labu Büchner. Perlu dicatat bahwa celah selang mengarah ke sebelah kanan untuk menempelkan selang menuju sumber vakum. Labu Büchner, disebut pula sebagai labu vakum,[1] labu saring, labu lengan-sisi, labu Kitasato, adalah suatu labu Erlenmeyer berdinding tebal dengan pipa gelas pendek dan celah selang yang…
Genus of flowering plants Brosimum Brosimum guianense parts drawing Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Tribe: Dorstenieae Genus: BrosimumSw.[1] Species Several, see text Synonyms Alicastrum P.Browne Brosimopsis S.Moore Galactodendron Kunth Piratinera Aubl.[1] Brosimum is a genus of plants in the family Moraceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas. The breadnut (B.…
09 November 1880 (1880-11-09)Gempa bumi Zagreb 1880Kerusakan di Katedral Zagreb yang diakibatkan oleh gempaWaktu setempat07:33Kekuatan6.3 skala RichterEpisentrum45°54′N 16°06′E / 45.90°N 16.10°E / 45.90; 16.10Koordinat: 45°54′N 16°06′E / 45.90°N 16.10°E / 45.90; 16.10Wilayah bencanaZagreb,Austria-HungariaIntensitas maks.VIII–IXKorban1 tewas, 29 terluka Gempa bumi Zagreb 1880 adalah peristiwa gempa yang mengguncang kota Z…
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші географічні об’єкти з назвою Ривертон. Місто Ривертонангл. Riverton Координати 40°00′41″ пн. ш. 75°00′54″ зх. д. / 40.01138888891677681° пн. ш. 75.01500000002778279° зх. д. / 40.01138888891677681; -75.01500000002778279Координати: 40°00′41″ пн. ш. 75°00′54″ з…
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші географічні об’єкти з назвою Біксбі. Переписна місцевість Біксбіангл. Bixby Координати 26°08′35″ пн. ш. 97°51′25″ зх. д. / 26.143300000028° пн. ш. 97.85720000002778818° зх. д. / 26.143300000028; -97.85720000002778818Координати: 26°08′35″ пн. ш. 97°51′25″…
此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2017年6月17日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:奥林匹克国家森林 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(判定指引)。 关于位于北京市朝阳区为奥运会修建的公园,请见「奥林匹克森…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (مارس 2023) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (فبراير 2023) جنة عذراءA Virgin Paradise (بالإنجليزية) صورة يظهر …
Oberea Oberea linearisTaxonomíaReino: AnimaliaFilo: ArthropodaClase: InsectaOrden: ColeopteraFamilia: CerambycidaeGénero: ObereaMulsant, 1839[editar datos en Wikidata] Oberea es un género de escarabajos longicornios de la subfamilia Lamiinae.[1] Miden 7-21 mm. El cuerpo es largo y delgado. La cabeza, el tórax y el abdomen son del mismo grosor, dándole la apariencia de varilla. Las larvas perforan los tallos, generalmente de especies arbóreas, pero también de alguna…
Secretaría de Energía LocalizaciónPaís ArgentinaInformación generalSigla SGEJurisdicción NacionalTipo Secretaría de EstadoSede Palacio de Hacienda, Hipólito Yrigoyen 250, Ciudad de Buenos AiresOrganizaciónSecretario Flavia RoyónEntidad superior Ministerio de Obras y Servicios Públicos (1958-1972) Ministerio de Economía (1972-1981) Ministerio de Obras y Servicios Públicos (1981-1991) Ministerio de Economía, Obras y Servicios Públicos (1991-1999) Ministerio de Economía (…
لغة سادرية الاسم الذاتي नागपुरी भाषा أو नागपुरी भाषा لفظ الاسم سَادرِي الناطقون 3.5 مليون (2000–2001م) الدول تجاركاند في الهند. المنطقة شبه القارة الهندية الكتابة الديوناكرية، (سنسكريتية) النسب هندية أوروبية هندية إيرانيةهندية آريةغربيةبهاريةكورماليةلغة سادرية أي
This article is about Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital. For other similarly named hospitals, see Children's Hospital (disambiguation). Hospital in Ohio, United StatesUH Rainbow Babies & Children's HospitalGeographyLocationCleveland, Ohio, United StatesCoordinates41°30′16″N 81°36′21″W / 41.5044444°N 81.6058333°W / 41.5044444; -81.6058333OrganizationCare systemMedicaid, Private Insurance, BCMHTypeTeachingAffiliated universityCase Western Reserve Univ…
Ten artykuł dotyczy wojewody płockiego. Zobacz też: Inne osoby o tym imieniu i nazwisku. Stanisław Krasiński Portret S. Krasińskiego autorstwa A. Ziemięckiego Ślepowron Rodzina Krasińscy herbu Ślepowron Data urodzenia 1558 Data śmierci 1 lutego 1617 Ojciec Andrzej Krasiński Matka Katarzyna Czernicka Żona Anna Michowska Dzieci Jan Kazimierz KrasińskiGabriel KrasińskiLudwik KrasińskiZofia Nagrobek Stanisława Krasińskiego w katedrze płockiej Stanisław Krasiński herbu Ślepowron…
Dalam nama Tionghoa ini, nama keluarganya adalah Hua. Alex Hua TianAlex Hua TianPersonal informationKebangsaan TiongkokKategoriEventingLahir25 Oktober 1989 (umur 34)London Rekam medali Pesta Olahraga Asia 2014 Incheon Eventing tunggal 2018 Jakarta-Palembang Eventing tunggal Alex Hua Tian (Hanzi sederhana: 华天; Hanzi tradisional: 華天; Pinyin: Huà Tiān; Jyutping: Waa4 Tin1; lahir 25 Oktober 1989)[1] adalah seorang atlet balap kuda yang berkompetisi dalam k…
Suara MerdekaPerekat Komunitas Jawa TengahTipeSurat kabar harianFormatBroadsheetPemilikSuara Merdeka NetworkPendiriH. HetamiPemimpin redaksiGunawan PermadiWakil editorAgus Toto Widyatmoko, Triyanto TriwikromoDidirikan11 Februari 1950; 73 tahun lalu (1950-02-11)BahasaIndonesiaPusatMenara Suara MerdekaJalan Pandanaran No. 30Kelurahan Pekunden, Kecamatan Semarang TengahKota Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50134Surat kabar saudariWawasanISSN2615-2614Situs webwww.suaramerdeka.com Suara Merdeka adalah sebu…
Центральный банк Эсватини Расположение Мбабане, Эсватини Дата основания 24 марта 1974 года Валюта Лилангени Веб-сайт www.centralbank.org.sz Предшественник Управление денежного обращения Свазиленда Центральный банк Эсватини (свати Umntsholi Wemaswati, англ. Central bank of Eswatini) — центральный б…
Indian Army regiment 41st Armoured RegimentActive1918–1921, 1980 – presentCountry Indian Empire 1918–1921 India 1980–PresentAllegianceIndiaBranch British Indian Army Indian ArmyTypeArmourSizeRegimentMotto(s)Shauryameva jayate (Valour triumphs)EquipmentT-72[1]InsigniaAbbreviation41 Armd RegtMilitary unit The 41st Armoured Regiment is part of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army.[2] History 41st Cavalry Regiment During World War I, a regiment named the 41st Cavalry Re…
For other songs, see Moaner (disambiguation). 1997 single by UnderworldMoanerSingle by Underworldfrom the album Batman & Robin soundtrack and Beaucoup Fish Released21 July 1997GenreTechno, ambient, experimentalLength4:08 (short version)10:18 (album version)LabelJunior Boy's Own / Wax Trax! / TVT / Warner Bros.Songwriter(s)Rick Smith, Karl Hyde, Darren EmersonProducer(s)Rick Smith, Karl Hyde, Darren EmersonUnderworld singles chronology Juanita (1997) Moaner (1997) Push Upstairs (1999) Moaner …
American cybersecurity technology company CrowdStrike Holdings, Inc.TypePublic companyTraded asNasdaq: CRWD (Class A)Nasdaq-100 componentIndustryInformation securityFounded2011; 12 years ago (2011)FoundersGeorge KurtzDmitri AlperovitchGregg MarstonHeadquartersAustin, Texas, U.S.Key peopleGeorge Kurtz (CEO)ProductsEndpoint securitySecurity and IT operationsSecurity cloud[1]Revenue US$2.241 billion (2023)Operating income US$−190 million (2023)Net income US$−183 m…
2003 American filmBlood of the BeastFilm posterDirected byGeorg KoszulinskiWritten byGeorg KoszulinskiProduced byGeorg KoszulinskiStarringGeorg KoszulinskiCinematographyBrian WhiteEdited by Georg Koszulinski Brian White Music by Georg Koszulinski Steven Landis Mike Maines ProductioncompanySubstream FilmsDistributed byAlpha Video DistributorsRelease date September 15, 2003 (2003-09-15)[1] Running time70 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1500[2] Blood …
Cet article est une ébauche concernant la musique classique. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Quatuor à cordes no 23en fa majeur K. 590 Quatuor prussien Mozart en 1789Portrait exécuté à la pointe d'argent par Doris Stock Genre Quatuor à cordes Nb. de mouvements 4 Musique Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Effectif Quatuor à cordes Durée approximative 26 minutes Dates de composition juin 1790 à…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.145.43.209