Enshakushanna (Sumerian: ๐๐ฎ๐จ๐ญ๐พ, en-sha3-kush2-an-na),[3] or Enshagsagana,[4] En-shag-kush-ana, Enukduanna, En-Shakansha-Ana, En-ลกakuลกuana was a king of Uruk around the mid-3rd millennium BC who is named on the Sumerian King List, which states his reign to have been 60 years. He conquered Hamazi, Akkad, Kish, and Nippur, claiming hegemony over all of Sumer.
He adopted the Sumerian title en ki-en-gi lugal kalam . (๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐ฆ),[5][6][7] which may be translated as "lord of Sumer and king of all the land" (which possibly implies "en of the region of Uruk and lugal of the region of Ur"[8]), and could correspond to the later title lugal ki-en-gi ki-uri "King of Sumer and Akkad" that eventually came to signify kingship over Mesopotamia as a whole.
Enshakushanna's reign is largely characterized by his military campaigns, the most prominent of which was against Kish and Akshak. His attack on these two cities is attested from a stone bowl at Nippur and reads as follows:
For Enlil, king of all lands, Enshakushanna, lord of the land of Sumer and king of the nation when the gods commanded him, he sacked Kish (and) captured Enbi-Ishtar, the king of Kish. The leader of Kish and the leader of Akshak, (when) both their cities were destroyed ... (Lacuna) in (?) [..] he returned to them, but [he] dedicated their statues, their precious metals and lapis lazuli, their timber and treasure, to the god Enlil at [N]ippur.[9]
For Enlil, king of all lands,
Enshakushanna, lord of the land of Sumer and king of the nation
when the gods commanded him,
he sacked Kish
(and) captured Enbi-Ishtar, the king of Kish.
The leader of Kish and the leader of Akshak, (when) both their cities were destroyed ...
(Lacuna)
in (?) [..] he returned to them,
but [he] dedicated their statues, their precious metals and lapis lazuli, their timber and treasure, to the god Enlil at [N]ippur.[9]
Many scholars have attributed the EDIIIb destruction layers at the Palace A and Plano-Convex Building in Kish to Enshakushanna.[10] Federico Zaina notes the archaeological evidence at Kish attests to a "pervasive violent destruction of the city of Kish at the end of the ED IIIb".[10] Apart from his attacks to the North, Enshakushanna is also known to have attacked Akkad. A year name of En-ลกakuลกuana, king of Uruk was "Year in which En-ลกakuลกuana defeated Akkad". This would have been shortly before the rise of the Akkadian Empire.[11]
He was succeeded in Uruk by Lugal-kinishe-dudu, but the hegemony seems to have passed to Eannatum of Lagash for a time. Lugal-kinishe-dudu was later allied with Entemena, a successor of Eannatum, against Lagash's principal rival, Umma.[12][13]
Several inscriptions of Enshakushanna are known.[3] A dedication tablet in his name is known, now in the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation:[14]
Dedication tablet by King Enshakushanna, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Erm 14375 (reconstitution).[14] ๐ญ๐ฝ๐ช๐ / ๐๐ฎ๐จ๐ญ๐พ /๐ ๐ ๐๐ / ๐ ๐ฆ๐ฃ / ๐๐๐ท๐ท๐พ / ๐๐๐ฌ๐พ๐ DLU2-KU-ra / en-sha3-kush2-an-na / en ki-en-gi / lugal kalam-ma / dumu e2-li-li-na#? / e2-ni mu-na-du3 "For ... (unknown god): Enshakushanna, lord of Sumer and king of all the land, son of Elilina, built the temple for Him."โ Dedication tablet by King Enshakushanna, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Erm 14375.[14][5]
๐ญ๐ฝ๐ช๐ / ๐๐ฎ๐จ๐ญ๐พ /๐ ๐ ๐๐ / ๐ ๐ฆ๐ฃ / ๐๐๐ท๐ท๐พ / ๐๐๐ฌ๐พ๐ DLU2-KU-ra / en-sha3-kush2-an-na / en ki-en-gi / lugal kalam-ma / dumu e2-li-li-na#? / e2-ni mu-na-du3
"For ... (unknown god): Enshakushanna, lord of Sumer and king of all the land, son of Elilina, built the temple for Him."
The inscription states his father was "Elilina", possibly King Elulu of Ur.[15]
(Shamshi-Adad dynasty1808โ1736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Non-dynastic usurpers1735โ1701 BCE) Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Adaside dynasty1700โ722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty AbydosDynasty SeventeenthDynasty
(1500โ1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynastyIgehalkid dynastyUntash-Napirisha
Twenty-first Dynasty of EgyptSmendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
Twenty-third Dynasty of EgyptHarsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef
(Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileserโ Shalmaneserโ Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargonโ Sennacheribโ Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumiโ Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddonโ Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
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