科梅林語

科梅林語
Basa Kumoring
باس كوموريڠ
「科梅林語」分別用科梅林文字、爪夷文、拉丁字母三種文字寫成
发音[baˈsa ku.mo.ɣiŋ]
母语国家和地区 印度尼西亞
区域 南蘇門答臘省
族群科梅林人
母语使用人数
470,000 (2000年人口普查)[1]
語系
文字楠榜文字 (歷史上使用,主要用於Komering Hulu方言)
拉丁字母 (現今且大多數情況下使用)
科梅林文字 (現今但少數情況下使用,主要用於Komering Ilir方言)
爪夷文 (現今但少數情況下使用)
語言代碼
ISO 639-3kge
Glottologkome1238[2]
本条目包含国际音标符号。部分操作系统浏览器需要特殊字母与符号支持才能正確显示,否则可能显示为乱码、问号、空格等其它符号。
1929年的三個科梅林少女

科梅林語(科梅林語:Basa Kumoring,阿拉伯字母:باس كوموريڠ)或者譯作柯莫林語科默林語等,是科梅林人所使用的語言,語言分類上屬於南島語系下的楠榜語群。該語言的母語者科梅林人是居住在印尼南蘇門答臘省科梅林河沿岸科梅林地區的土著民族。

音系

輔音

唇音 齒齦音 硬腭音 軟腭音 聲門音
鼻音 m n ɲ ŋ
塞音/
塞擦音
清音 p t k ʔ
濁音 b d ɡ
擦音 s h
邊音 l
顫音 r
近音 w j

科梅林語也有濁摩擦音/z/,但只出現於外來語。

元音

i u
o
a

詞彙

科梅林語基本單字範例:[3]

標準科梅林語 印尼語 意思
Kayu Kayu
Tanoh Tanah 世界
Uwai Air
Jukuk Rumput
Hatolui Telur
Tolu Tiga
Hujan Hujan
Pak Empat
Ganta Sekarang 現在
Ompai Baru
Sisu Ayam
Manuk Burung
Bunga Bunga
Punti Pisang 香蕉
Punti Kayu Papaya 木瓜
Halimawong Harimau 老虎
Iwak Ikan
Turui Tidur 睡覺
Batangari Sungai

詞彙的消亡

由於科梅林語經常與其他語言混合,使科梅林語本來獨有的詞彙隨著時間的推移而逐漸消失。這種情況尤其見於年輕一代,下例是一些已經不再被科梅林語母語者使用的詞彙:

科梅林語 印尼語 註釋
Gumurojai Gemetar 因恐懼、飢餓等而顫抖
Hapok/hampok Apek 由於潮濕而產生霉味,通常用在衣服上。在某些地區,該詞仍在使用,尤其是老年人。
Nai-nai Nasi 「Okan」的同義詞,意思是「米」
Ngiang-kiang Suara di kejauhan 用來形容遠處或微弱的聲音
Ngor-ngor Ngilu 嚴格上沒有對應的印尼語詞彙,該詞更多指的是靜脈疼痛。科梅林伊利爾方言仍會在極少情況下使用。
Nyilok-cilok Jauh namun masih kelihatan 仍然很遠但已經可以看到的物體。
Ngotor-kotor Badannya bergetar 形容人身體顫抖的情況。

數字

以下列出印尼語、科梅林語與楠榜語的數詞對比:

數字 印尼語 科梅林語 楠榜語
1 Satu Osai Sai
2 Dua Rua Khua/ Ghua/ Rua
3 Tiga Tolu Telu
4 Empat Opak Pak
5 Lima Lima Lima
6 Enam Onom Enom
7 Tujuh Pitu Pitu
8 Delapan Walu Walu
9 Sembilan Suwai Siwa
10 Sepuluh Puluh Puluh
20 Dua Puluh Wangapuluh/Wampuluh Khua/ Ghua/ Rua Puluh
21 Dua Puluh Satu Salikur Khua Puluh Sai
22 Dua Puluh Dua Rua Likur/Walikur Khua puluh khua
23 Dua Puluh Tiga Tolu Likur Khua Puluh Telu
24 Dua Puluh Empat Pak Likur Khua Puluh Pak
25 Dua Puluh Lima Salawi Slawi/ Khua Puluh Lima
26 Dua Puluh Enam Nom Likur Khua Puluh Enom
27 Dua Puluh Tujuh Pitu Likur Khua Puluh Pitu
28 Dua Puluh Delapan Walu Likur Khua Puluh Walu
29 Dua Puluh Sembilan Suwai Likur Khua Puluh Siwa
30 Tiga Puluh Tolumpuluh Telu Puluh
40 Empat Puluh Pakngapuluh Pak Puluh
50 Lima Puluh Sawi Lima Puluh
75 Tujuh Puluh Lima Tolu Ngalawi Walu Puluh Lima
100 Seratus Saratus Sekhatus
1.000 Seribu Saribu Sekhibu
1.000.000 Sejuta Sajuta Sangjuta

文字

科梅林文字

目前,科梅林語使用拉丁字母作為通用書寫系統,但也有少數人仍然使用爪夷文(阿拉伯字母)。而科梅林語本身也有文字,但僅在古代使用,不過現在有人嘗試復興該文字。

範例句式

世界人權宣言第一條

  • 科梅林語(拉丁字母)

Kaunyin jolma tilahirko mardeka rik uwat pi'il rik hak-hak sai goh-goh. Tiyan tiunjuk akal pikiran rik hati nurani mari tiyan dapok nyampur rik sai barihna dilom semangat bukolpah.

  • 科梅林語(爪夷文)

كأوݧين جولما تيلاحير كو مرديكا ريک اوت ڤيئيل ريک حق-حق سي گوه گوه. تيان تيئونجوک اكل ڤيكيرن ريک هاتي نوراني ماري تيان داڤوک ݧامڤور ريک سي باريه ن ديلوم سماڠت بوكولڤه.

  • 科梅林語(國際音標)

/kaʔuɲin d͡ʒolma tilaˈhiɣko maɣdeka ɣiʔ uwat piʔil ɣiʔ haʔ-haʔ saɪ ɡoh-ɡoh. tijan tiʔund͡ʒuʔ akal pikiˈɣan ɣiʔ hati nuɣani maɣi tijan dapoʔ ɲampuɣ ɣiʔ saɪ baɣihna diˈlom səˈmaŋat buˈkolpah./

  • 中文翻譯

人人生而自由,在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心,並應以兄弟關係的精神相對待。

參考資料

  1. ^ 科梅林語于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Komering. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  3. ^ From Walker, 1975, pp. 14-17.

相關文獻

  • Adelaar, Alexander, The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar: A Historical Perspective, The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar, pp. 1–42, Routledge Language Family Series, Londres, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0-7007-1286-0
  • Walker, Dale F., A Lexical Study of Lampung Dialects页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆, Miscellaneous Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia, Part I (editor: John W. M. Verhaar), NUSA Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages of Indonesia, Volume 1, pp. 11–21, Jakarta, Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA, 1975.
  • Walker, Dale F., A Grammar of the Lampung Language: the Pesisir Dialect of Way Lima页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆, NUSA Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages of Indonesia, Volume 2, Jakarta, Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA, 1976.
  • Sofjan Abdurrahman, and Colin Yallop. A Brief Outline of Komering Phonology and Morphology页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆, Miscellaneous studies in Indonesian and languages in Indonesia, Part VI (editor: Amran Halim), NUSA Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages of Indonesia, Volume 7, pp. 11-18, Jakarta, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, 1979.

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