大北婆羅洲語群

大北婆羅洲語群
(提議中)
地理分佈大部分位於婆羅洲
少部分位於蘇門答臘爪哇陸地東南亞
谱系学分类南島語系
分支
莫肯語群(Smith (2017) 未包含此語群)
Glottolognort3253  (partial match)[1]

大北婆羅洲語群南島語系下一個建議的分群 。此分群涵蓋婆罗洲大部分地区(不包括分布於東南地區的大巴里托語群)以及蘇門答臘爪哇中南半島部分地区使用的语言 。大北婆羅洲語群假说最早由白樂思(2010)提出,史密斯(Alexander Smith)(2017a,2017b)進一步修正。 [2] [3] [4]此提案之立論依據僅有詞彙證據。[2]

建議的分组涵蓋東南亞一些主要语言,包括马来语马来西亚印度尼西亚 )和相关的马来西亚语言 ,如米南佳保語班查語伊班語 ;以及巽他語亚齐语。就婆罗洲而言,使用人數最多的非马来语是中部杜森语 ,主要在沙巴使用 。[5]

由于大北婆罗洲包括马来语支占語支和巽他語,因此與阿德拉(Alexander Adelaar)的馬來-松巴哇語群假設不相容。[2] [6]

歷史

白樂思將大北婆羅洲語群的擴張與南島語使用者遷移到島嶼東南亞的移民過程聯繫起來。白樂思認為,南島民族自北部經過菲律賓來到這裡時,分為三组:一组進入婆羅洲,一组进入苏拉威西岛,一组进入摩鹿加群岛[7]第一组登陆婆罗洲后,进一步分裂为两支:一组沿西北海岸面向南海移动,另一组沿东海岸移动。西北群体所讲的语言最终发展成为大北婆罗洲语言。 [8]

分類系譜

白樂思 (2010)

白樂思以词汇创新定义大北婆罗洲。其中一项创新是以 *tuzuq 替换原始马来-波利尼西亚语中的*pitu 「七」。[9]其分群方式如下:

  • 北婆羅洲語群
    • 北沙巴語群
    • 南沙巴語群
    • 北砂勞越語群
  • 加央語群
    • 加央-穆里克-眉力語群
    • 色艾-莫當語
  • 陸地達雅克語群
    • 班雅都-巴卡提語
    • 比達友-南陸地達雅克語
  • 馬來-占語群
  • 巽他語群
  • 拉讓語
  • 莫肯-莫克倫語群

儘管白樂思假定大北婆羅洲語群包含除大巴里多語群(Greater Barito) 之外的所有婆羅洲语言,[9]但其中仍有一些語言並未明確分類,包括一些語料不足的語言。 [10] [11]

  • (未分类)
    • 馬蘭諾語(Melanau)
    • 加影語(Kajang)

史密斯 (2017a, 2017b)

史密斯在大北婆羅洲語群中新增了中砂勞越語群,结合了馬蘭諾語(Melanau)、加影語(Kajang)和普南-穆勒-施瓦纳語(Punan-Müller-Schwaner)。 [12]此外,他將莫肯-莫克倫語群排除在大北婆羅洲語群之外,並将其列為馬來-玻里西亞語的主要分支之一。 [13]

  • 北婆羅洲語群
    • 北沙巴語群
    • 南沙巴語群
    • 北砂勞越語群
  • 中砂勞越語群
    • 馬蘭諾語(Melanau)
    • 加影語(Kajang)
    • 普南-穆勒-施瓦纳語(Punan-Müller-Schwaner)
  • 加央語群
    • 加央-穆里克-眉力語群
    • 色艾-莫當語
  • 陸地達雅克語群
    • 班雅都-巴卡提語
    • 比達友-南陸地達雅克語
  • 馬來-占語群
  • 巽他語
    • 拉讓語

在史密斯(2017a) 中也重建了原始加央語、原始普南語、原始穆勒-施瓦纳語、原始陸地達雅克語和原始肯亞語(Kenyah)。 [14]

參考資料

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). North Borneo Malayo-Polynesian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Blust 2010.
  3. ^ Smith 2017a.
  4. ^ Smith 2017b.
  5. ^ Blust 2013.
  6. ^ Adelaar 2005.
  7. ^ Blust 2010,第45頁.
  8. ^ Blust 2010,第48頁.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Blust 2010,第44, 47頁.
  10. ^ Blust 2010,第52–53頁.
  11. ^ Smith 2017a,第28頁.
  12. ^ Smith 2017a,第319頁.
  13. ^ Smith 2017b,第459–460頁.
  14. ^ Smith 2017a,第49–50頁.

参考書目

  • Adelaar, Alexander. Malayo-Sumbawan. Oceanic Linguistics (University of Hawai'i Press). 2005, 44 (2): 357–388. JSTOR 3623345. 
  • Blust, Robert. The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis. Oceanic Linguistics (University of Hawai'i Press). 2010, 49 (1): 44–118. JSTOR 40783586. 
  • Blust, Robert. The Austronesian languages. Asia-Pacific Linguistics 8 revised. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. 2013. ISBN 9781922185075. 
  • Smith, Alexander D. (学位论文).  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  • Smith, Alexander D. The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem. Oceanic Linguistics (University of Hawai'i Press). 2017b, 56 (2): 435–490 [2021-06-12]. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021. (原始内容存档于2021-05-02). 

延伸閱讀

Read other articles:

Huvudartikel: Världsmästerskapet i fotboll 2018 VM i fotboll 2018 – grupp DEvenemangsfaktaDatum16 juni–26 juni 2018DeltagareNationer4StatistikMatcher6Mål15 (2,5 per match)Publik267 489 (44 582 per match)Flest mål Luka Modrić Ahmed Musa(2 mål)  Föregående Följande  2014 2022 Grupp D i världsmästerskapet i fotboll 2018 spelades mellan den 16 och 26 juni 2018. Totalt sex matcher spelades i gruppen där alla mötte varandra en gång. De två främsta i ...

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le jeu vidéo. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) (voir l’aide à la rédaction). Kirby's Dream Collection: Special EditionLogo du jeu.Développeur HAL LaboratoryÉditeur NintendoRéalisateur Shinya KumazakiTatsuya KamiyamaCompositeur Jun IshikawaHirokazu AndoShogo SakaiProducteur Yoichi YamamotoHiroaki SugaKensuke TanabeDate de sortie JAP : 19 juillet 2012AN : 16 septembre 2012 Franchise KirbyGenre Co...

جامعة ولاية إلينوي   معلومات المؤسس جيسي دبليو. فيل  التأسيس 1857  الموقع الجغرافي إحداثيات 40°30′39″N 88°59′36″W / 40.51076°N 88.99346°W / 40.51076; -88.99346  الرمز البريدي 61790-1000[1]  البلد الولايات المتحدة  إحصاءات عدد الطلاب 20720 (سبتمبر 2020)[1]  عدد الموظفين 3538 ...

Football clubFull nameBoca Raton Football ClubNickname(s)Boca Raton FC, BRFC, the PiratesFounded2015; 8 years ago (2015)StadiumAtlantic Community High SchoolCapacity5000OwnerHeizer UnlimitedChairmanDouglas HeizerCoachFernando ValenzuelaLeagueNational Premier Soccer LeagueWebsiteClub website Boca Raton Football Club is an American soccer club that started playing in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL). In 2015, which was their inaugural season, they were only defeated i...

Model of innovation Futures studies Concepts Accelerating change Cashless society Existential risk Future Earth Mathematics Race Climate Space exploration Universe Kardashev scale Moore's law Resource depletion Singularity Techniques Backcasting Causal layered analysis Chain-linked model Consensus forecast Cross impact analysis Delphi Real-time Delphi Foresight Future-proof Futures wheel Futures workshops Horizon scanning Reference class forecasting Scenario planning Systems analysis Threatca...

Bài viết này là một bản dịch thô từ ngôn ngữ khác. Đây có thể là kết quả của máy tính hoặc của người chưa thông thạo dịch thuật. Xin hãy giúp cải thiện bài viết hoặc viết lại để hành văn tiếng Việt được tự nhiên hơn và đúng ngữ pháp. Chú ý: Những bản dịch rõ ràng là dịch máy hoặc có chất lượng kém, KHÔNG dùng bản mẫu này, vui lòng đặt {{thế:clk|dịch máy chất lư�...

У Вікіпедії є статті про інших людей із прізвищем Передерій. Передерій Олег ФеофановичДата народження 15 березня 1931(1931-03-15)Місце народження БарвінковеДата смерті 1 січня 1980(1980-01-01) (48 років)Громадянство  СРСРAlma mater Дніпропетровське художнє училище (1951) і Всеросійськи...

The 1919 Bible Conference was a Seventh-day Adventist Church conference or council held from July 1 to August 9, 1919, for denominational leaders, educators, and editors to discuss theological and pedagogical issues. The council was convened by the General Conference Executive Committee led by A. G. Daniells, the president of the General Conference. The meetings included the first major discussion of the inspiration of Ellen G. White's writings after her death in 1915, and the far-reaching th...

1985 American-Argentine fantasy film Barbarian QueenTheatrical release poster by Boris Vallejo[1]Directed byHéctor OliveraWritten byHoward R. CohenProduced by Frank Isaac Alejandro Sessa Starring Lana Clarkson Katt Shea Frank Zagarino Dawn Dunlap Cinematography Rodolfo Denevi Rudi Donovan Edited by Silvia Ripoll Leslie Rosenthal Music byChristopher Young and James HornerDistributed byConcorde PicturesRelease date April 1985 (1985-04) Running time70 minutesCountries Arg...

German cross-country skier You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (December 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated ...

Frederik Victor PalimbongS.T. Wakil Bupati Toraja Utara ke-3PetahanaMulai menjabat 26 April 2021PresidenJoko WidodoGubernurAndi Sudirman Sulaiman Bahtiar Baharuddin (Pj.)BupatiYohanis BassangPendahuluYosia Rinto Kadang Informasi pribadiLahir15 Agustus 1970 (umur 53) Palopo, Sulawesi SelatanKebangsaan IndonesiaPartai politik  Golkar (2015-2022)   Gerindra (2022-Sekarang)Suami/istriDamayanti Batti, S.IP., MAAnakJason PalimbongAlma materUniversitas HasanuddinPeke...

Ця стаття не містить посилань на джерела. Ви можете допомогти поліпшити цю статтю, додавши посилання на надійні (авторитетні) джерела. Матеріал без джерел може бути піддано сумніву та вилучено. (травень 2023) У Вікіпедії є статті про інших людей із таким прізвищем: Пасічни...

Foto bumi biru. Environmentalisme merupakan kekhawatiran dampak perilaku manusia terhadap kelestarian bumi dan sistem alam. Bagian dari seri tentangAnti-konsumerisme Teori dan gagasan Afluenza Budaya alternatif Anti-kapitalisme Bangunan otonom Peretasan papan reklame Bioekonomi Ekonomi Buddha Hari Tidak Membeli Apa-apa Konsumsi kolaboratif Kolapsologi Komodifikasi Fetisisme komoditas Umum Komunitas Gangguan pembelian kompulsif Konsumsi mencolok Kapitalisme Konsumen Konsumerisme Keramahan Krit...

For other films with similar titles, see Toofan (disambiguation). 1989 Hindi film directed by Ketan Desai ToofanTheatrical poster designed by ChandrakantDirected byKetan DesaiWritten bySalim KhanK.K. ShuklaProduced byManmohan DesaiStarringAmitabh BachchanMeenakshi SheshadriAmrita SinghPranCinematographyPeter PereiraEdited byRaju KapadiaMangal MistryMusic byAnu MalikDistributed byM.K.D. Films CombineRelease date 11 August 1989 (1989-08-11) Running time176 minutesCountryIndiaLang...

Social movement against sexual abuse and harassment MeToo redirects here. Not to be confused with Me Too (disambiguation) or #MeTwo movement. Me Too! redirects here. For the British TV series, see Me Too! (British TV series). The correct title of this article is #MeToo movement. The omission of the # is due to technical restrictions. Protest in New York City, 2018 #MeToo[a] is a social movement and awareness campaign against sexual abuse, sexual harassment, and rape culture, in which ...

Bintang Donald Trump di Hollywood Walk of Fame Artikel ini bagian dariseri tentangDonald Trump Presiden Amerika Serikat Kepresidenan Transisi Pelantikan Garis waktu Keputusan eksekutif proklamasi pengampunan Perjalanan 2017 2018 2019 internasional KTT Riyadh Singapura Helsinki Hanoi DMZ Penutupan Jan 2018 2018–2019 Jajak pendapat Unjuk rasa Foto di St. John Pandemi COVID-19 di Gedung Putih Proses pemakzulan Upaya pemakzulan Kontroversi Trump–Ukraina Pengangkatan pejabat Kabinet susunan Du...

AwardDaniel Guggenheim MedalAwarded forInnovators who make notable achievements in the advancement of aeronauticsSponsored byAIAA, ASME, SAE International, and Vertical Flight SocietyCountryInternationalReward(s)MedalFirst awarded1929Last awarded2023Websitehttp://www.guggenheimmedal.org  The Daniel Guggenheim Medal is an American engineering award, established by Daniel and Harry Guggenheim. The medal is considered to be one of the greatest honors that can be presented for a lifetime of ...

Anuncio de la compañía Allen Paper Car Wheel Las ruedas de ferrocarril con núcleo de papel eran un tipo de ruedas compuestas empleadas en los coches de pasajeros, que constaban de una llanta de hierro forjado o de acero, atornillada a un eje de hierro rodeado de una capa intermedia de papel laminado y prensado.[1]​ El núcleo de la rueda estaba hecho de papel comprimido, y se colocaba entre dos tapas metálicas que lo protegían.[2]​ Su capacidad para amortiguar el ruido genera...

Improved version of the Vi keyboard-oriented text editor VimVim running in a terminal emulatorOriginal author(s)Bram MoolenaarInitial release2 November 1991(32 years ago) (1991-11-02)Stable release9.0[1]  / 28 June 2022; 17 months ago (28 June 2022) Repositorygithub.com/vim/vim Written inC, Vim scriptOperating systemUnix, Linux, Windows NT, MS-DOS, macOS, iOS, Android, Haiku, AmigaOS, MorphOSTypeText editorLicenseVim[2][3][4]Websitev...

Dam in Kerala, IndiaDam in Idukki, KeralaKundala DamView of Kundala dam and reservoirLocation of Kundala Dam in KeralaShow map of KeralaKundala Dam (India)Show map of IndiaOfficial nameSetuparvatipuram DamCountryIndiaLocationIdukki, KeralaCoordinates10°08′37″N 77°11′15″E / 10.14361°N 77.18750°E / 10.14361; 77.18750PurposePowerStatusOperationalOpening date1947 (76 years ago) (1947)Owner(s)Kerala State Electricity BoardDam and spillwaysType...