巴达维语

巴達維語
basè Betawi, basa Betawi
母语国家和地区印度尼西亚 印尼
区域雅加達
西爪哇省
萬丹省
科科斯(基林)群島
族群
母语使用人数
5百萬 (2000年)[1]
語系
方言
Bekasi
Cikarang
Depok
Parung
Serpong
Tangerang
語言代碼
ISO 639-3bew
Glottologbeta1252[2]

巴達維語(巴達維語:basè Betawi),也稱為巴達維馬來語雅加達馬來語巴達維亞馬來語,是印尼雅加達巴達維人所使用的語言。其母語人口約有500萬,然而由於對巴達維語概念的含糊,很難確定準確的數字。

巴達維語是當代印尼流行的非正式語言,其常於雅加達的肥皂劇和一些動畫(例如Adit Sopo Jarwo英语Adit Sopo Jarwo)被用作印尼俚語(Bahasa Gaul)的一種[3]。 「Betawi」一名源自於巴達維亞,是荷屬東印度時期雅加達的官方名稱。雅加達印尼語是印尼語的一種方言形式,從雅加達傳播到爪哇的大片地區,並取代了現有的馬來語方言,其根源便是巴達維語。烏里·塔德莫(Uri Tadmor)表示,雅加達印尼語和巴達維語之間沒有明確的界限[4]

背景

爪哇島馬都拉島峇里島所使用的語言分佈圖。現代雅加達及其周邊地區使用的巴達維語(藍色)傳統上標示為馬來語

語言學家認為巴達維語的起源存在爭議。一部分人認為其源自原始馬來語的馬來方言,而另一部分人則認為其是作為克里奧爾語發展而來的。有一種說法為當時居住在巴達維亞(今雅加達)的華人男性和峇里島馬來女性的後裔皈依了伊斯蘭教,他們講着一種皮欽語,後來被克里奧爾語化,然後又因為融合了巽他語爪哇語的多種元素而被「去克里奧爾語化」(Uri Tadmor 2013)[5]

巴達維語中含有大量閩南語阿拉伯語葡萄牙語荷蘭語借詞。其取代了早期的巴達維亞-葡萄牙克里奧爾語――馬爾迪吉基爾克里奧爾語(Mardijker Creole)。巴達維語的第一人稱代名詞「gua」(「我」)和第二人稱代名詞「lu」(「你」)以及數詞,如cepek(「一百」)、gopek(「五百」)和seceng( 「一千)均來自閩南語,而 ane(「我」或「我」)和 ente(「你」)則源自阿拉伯語。科科斯馬來語,在澳洲科科斯(基林)群島馬來西亞沙巴使用,據信源自早期形式的巴達維語。

方言

巴達維語分為兩種主要方言:

另一種郊區巴達維語變體稱為Betawi Ora,它深受巽他語的影響。

在雅加達郊區的一些地方,例如 Kampung Melayu、Pasar Rebo、Pondok Gede、Ulujami 和 Jagakarsa,老一代人仍然使用巴達維語[6]

坦格朗周圍有一個重要的華人社區,稱為文登華人(Cina Benteng),他們已經不再講中文而轉講巴達維語,不過明顯受漢語(主要是閩南語)借詞的影響。

例如:

  • ane(正式),aye(中間), sayah(郊區), gua(非正式): 「I」
  • ente(正式),lu(非正式或有密切關係的): 「你」
  • iye(重的e音),iyah: 「是」
  • kagaora (udik variant): 「不」
  • Encing mo pegi ke mane?: 「叔叔你要去哪裏?」
  • Dagangan aye udeh beres, dah:「我的東西已經賣完了。」

每個以「a」結尾的巴達維語單字的結尾發音為「e」,就像英文詞「net」一樣。 「e」的發音與柔佛和廖內馬來人的發音並不同。

例文

中巴達維方言的馬可福音 1:9-11
一名男子講中巴達維方言

漢語

人人生而自由,在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心,並應以兄弟關係的精神相對待。

馬來語

Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.

巴達維語

Semue orang ntu dilahirin bebas ame punye martabat dan hak-hak yang same. Mereka ntu dikasih akal ame ati nurani dan kudu bergaul satu ame lainnye dalem semangat persaudaraan.

相關項目

參考

  1. ^ 巴達維語于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Betawi. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  3. ^ Bowden, John. Towards an account of information structure in Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information Structure of Austronesian Languages, 10 April 2014. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies: 194. [2024-05-23]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-19). 
  4. ^ Kozok, Uli, Indonesian Native Speakers – Myth and Reality (PDF): 15, 2016 [2024-05-23], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-19) 
  5. ^ Tadmor, Uri. On the Origin of the Betawi and their Language (PDF). ISMIL 17 conference talk. 2013 [2024-05-23]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-07-01). 
  6. ^ Documentation of Betawi. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig. [2021-02-06]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03). 

參考書目

  • Ikranagara, Kay. Melayu Betawi grammar (Ph. D.论文). University of Hawaii at Manoa. 1975. hdl:10125/11720可免费查阅. 

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