磷酸戊糖途径

磷酸戊糖途径(英語:Pentose phosphate pathway)也称为戊糖磷酸途径五碳糖磷酸途径磷酸戊糖旁路(对应于双磷酸己糖降解途径,即Embden-Meyerhof途径)。是一种葡萄糖代谢途径。这是一系列的酶促反应,可以因应不同的需求而产生多种产物,显示了该途径的灵活性。

葡萄糖会先生成强氧化性5-磷酸核糖(Ribose-5-phosphate),后者经转换后可以参与糖酵解或者是核酸生物合成。部分糖酵解糖异生的酶会参与这一过程。反应场所是胞质溶胶。所有的中间产物均为磷酸酯。过程的调控是通过底物和产物浓度的变化实现的。

作用

该途径的主要作用是:

  1. 产生NADPH作为还原当量,用于细胞内的还原生物合成反应(注意不是NADHNADH参与呼吸链,而NADPH参与脂肪酸合成)。
  2. 生成核糖 5-磷酸(R5P),为核酸代谢做物质准备(用于核苷酸核酸的合成)。
  3. 产生用于合成芳香族氨基酸赤藓糖 4-磷酸(E4P) 。
  4. 代谢戊糖。

过程

磷酸戊糖途径可以分为氧化和非氧化两个部分。

氧化阶段

氧化阶段圖

在此阶段,两个NADP +分子被还原为NADPH ,以利用6-磷酸葡萄糖转化为5-磷酸核酮糖所产生的能量。

整组反应可以总结如下:

反应物 产物 说明
葡萄糖-6-磷酸 + NADP+ 6-磷酸葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯 + NADPH 葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶 脱氢。位于葡萄糖-6-磷酸1号碳原子上的半缩醛羟基转变成羰基,生成一个内酯,并且在反应中生成了NADPH
6-磷酸葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯 + H2O 6-磷酸葡萄糖酸 + H+ 6-磷酸葡萄糖酸内酯酶 水解
6-磷酸葡萄糖酸 + NADP+ 核酮糖5-磷酸 + NADPH + CO2 6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶 氧化脱羧。NADP+是电子受体,生成一分子NADPH,一分子二氧化碳,和一分子核酮糖5-磷酸

总反应: 葡萄糖-6-磷酸 + 2 NADP+ + H2O → 核酮糖-5-磷酸 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + CO2

非氧化阶段

非氧化阶段

其实是一系列的基团转移反应。在5-磷酸核酮糖的基础上可以通过一系列基团转移反应,将核糖转变成6-磷酸果糖3-磷酸甘油醛而进入糖酵解途径。这需要有酶的帮助,比如转羟乙醛酶可以转移两个碳单位。而转二羟丙酮基酶则可转三个。

反应物 产物
5-磷酸核酮糖 核糖 5-磷酸 5-磷酸核糖异构酶
5-磷酸核酮糖 木酮糖 5-磷酸 核酮糖 5-磷酸 3-差向异构酶
木酮糖 5-磷酸+核糖 5-磷酸 甘油醛 3-磷酸+景天庚酮糖 7-磷酸 转酮醇酶
景天庚酮糖 7-磷酸+甘油醛 3-磷酸 赤藓糖 4-磷酸+果糖 6-磷酸 转醛醇酶
木酮糖 5-磷酸+赤藓糖 4-磷酸 甘油醛 3-磷酸+果糖 6-磷酸 转酮醇酶

调节

虽然6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶是磷酸戊糖途径的限速酶,但是磷酸戊糖途径的调节主要是通过底物和产物浓度的变化实现的。它是一“旁路”。当机体需要NADPH和磷酸核糖的时候,葡萄糖就会流入这一途径。特别是在脂肪酸固醇合成发生的地方。

参见

延伸阅读

外部連結

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