張格爾

張格爾維吾爾語جاهانگیر خوجاJahanghir Xoja;1790年—1828年6月25日[1]),是清代新疆白山派和卓波羅尼都之孫、薩木薩克次子。出生於浩罕汗国。“張格爾”是波斯语,意为“世界的征服者”。

生平

張格爾早年在喀布爾(今阿富汗)求學,素有政治野心,欲恢復其祖先阿帕克和卓的統治。從嘉慶二十五年(1820年)先後三次潛入南疆發動叛亂,張格爾與浩罕國王商定,事成之後,向浩罕割讓天山南路的喀什噶爾(今喀什市),並平分喀什噶爾等城的人口和財產。道光五年(1825)九月,清朝領隊大臣巴彥巴圖出兵二百人進擊,未遇張格爾部,竟殺害無辜的布魯特人民百餘人。此舉引起布魯特人民的憤怒,轉而支持張格爾部。

道光六年(1826年),張格爾以禮拜其祖先麻札(墳墓)為名,利用南疆各族人民對喀什噶爾參贊大臣斌靜殘暴壓迫的不滿情緒,[2]煽動當地人民叛亂,清廷派兵出擊,張格爾輕易突圍而出。這時各回民響應,日以萬計。張格爾把握時機進攻喀什噶爾(今喀什),先後攻佔喀什噶爾、英吉沙爾(今英吉沙)、葉爾羌(今莎車)、和闐(今和田)四城,喀什噶爾參贊大臣慶祥力戰而亡。這時浩罕亦出动军队逾万人支持张格尔。[3]南疆陷入動亂之中,清廷面臨天山南路將全面淪陷的局面。

生擒張格爾圖

清政府命伊犁將軍長齡與陝甘總督楊遇春、山東巡撫武隆阿、擴肅提督齊慎等調集吉林、黑龍江、陝西、甘肅、四川清軍三萬餘人,[4]道光六年(1826年)十二月,三軍會師於阿克蘇,準備收復喀什噶爾等城。時值寒冬,道光帝諭旨特賞三人貂皮馬褂各一件。[5]道光七年(1827年)二月,清軍主力西進,長齡親率滿漢步馬官兵兩萬餘人,分前後兩路,前進討伐張格爾。清軍一路勢如破竹,接連在洋阿爾巴特、沙布都爾回莊以及阿瓦巴特等地擊敗張格爾大軍。是年三月初一日收復喀什噶爾城,之後再接連收復英吉沙爾、葉爾羌與和闐等城。道光七年(1827年)八月,楊芳帶兵前往達爾瓦斯地方追拏張格爾,中埋伏,幾經鏖戰始得脫險。朝廷以久未生擒張格爾本人深感不滿。[6]是年十一月,長齡和武隆阿遭革職留任,再以那彥成為欽差大臣,替代長齡籌辦善後事宜。十二月,清軍故布疑陣,透過間諜散播退兵的假消息。道光八年(1828年)初,張格爾中計 ,率領五百騎兵出襲喀什噶爾城,中途發覺情況有異,連忙反向奔逃。楊芳伊薩克等人急馳追趕一晝夜,張格爾逃至喀爾鐵蓋山,僅剩三十餘騎,棄騎登山。遭楊芳副將胡超段永福伏擊生擒,解至北京,道光帝下令在午門举行献俘仪式,寸磔餵狗。

清廷為平此亂,多以嘉慶年間平定川楚教亂的老將,擁有一定的作戰經驗。此役用兵三萬六千人、耗銀千萬餘兩,[7]並徵集軍馬兩萬餘匹,駱駝一萬餘峰,並迅速平亂。[8]由於浩罕商人曾助张格尔作乱,清政府于道光八年(1828年)下令稽查在喀什噶尔等地有安家置产的浩罕人,分年驱逐。

家庭

注釋

  1. ^ 趙爾巽. 《清史稿‧卷十七‧本紀十七‧宣宗本紀一》. 中華民國 (中文). 壬子,上廷訊張格爾罪,磔於市。 
  2. ^ 左紅衛等,〈從「斌靜案」看清代駐疆官員與新疆的穩定〉,《中國邊疆史地研究》,16:3(北京,2006.9),頁72-80。
  3. ^ 潘志平,《中亞浩罕國與清代新疆》,頁100。
  4. ^ 曹振鏞,《平定回疆擒剿逆匪方略》(臺北:文海,1966),卷首,頁5。
  5. ^ 清實錄・宣宗成皇帝實錄》,卷109,頁818,道光六年十一月乙酉條。
  6. ^ 道光帝批諭:“四城雖定,逆首未得眼 看莫大之功賞汝等不能承受,朕又恨又惜,果能復擒張逆,功勳如故,亟力奮勉。即有旨諭,欽此。”(《軍機處檔・月摺包》,檔號058325。)
  7. ^ 魏源,《聖武記》(臺北:世界書局,1962),卷4,〈道光重定回疆記〉,頁128。
  8. ^ 清史稿》載:“平定回疆,多用川、楚、陝舊將,百戰之餘,以臨犬羊烏合,摧枯拉朽,旬月而告功成,何其易哉!”

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