塔尔西斯丘

塔尔西斯丘
热辐射成像系统拍摄的塔尔西斯丘白昼红外拼接图,火山东西两侧是发生大规模滑坡事件的地点[1],中间则有一座不规则火山口。
位置塔尔西斯
坐标13°15′N 90°41′W / 13.25°N 90.69°W / 13.25; -90.69[2]
海拨高于基准面9公里
发现者水手9号

塔尔西斯丘(Tharsis Tholus)是火星塔尔西斯区东部一座中等规模的盾状火山,1972年由水手9号探测器所发现[3],最初的非正式名称为“火山7号”[4],1973年,国际天文学联合会正式将它命名为塔尔西斯丘[2]。在行星地质学中,圆丘(“tholus”,复数为“tholi”)指小穹顶丘的术语,通常是一座火山[5]

概述

塔尔西斯区地图,塔尔西斯丘位于最右侧。

塔尔西斯丘坐落在塔尔西斯区东侧边缘北纬13.5度、西经91度处,位于塔尔西斯火山群最北端的艾斯克雷尔斯山东北偏东约800公里处[6]。来自塔尔西斯火山群及区内其他发源口的熔岩流完全包围了塔尔西斯丘,在火山丘底部形成一片广袤的火山平原[a]。塔尔西斯丘大小为155公里×125公里[6],外观明显呈球状,它被断层作用改造的程度[8],在火星火山中独一无二,大型正断层横贯并完全穿透整座火山,将山体分成数个主要区块或部分[7]。火山中央有一座细长的破火山口(塌陷火山口),尺寸为36.7×38.9公里,深约3公里。

从剖面看,塔尔西斯丘呈圆顶状(向上凸起)[9],侧面坡度从靠近山顶的不到1度到高达底部的16度不等[6],平均山丘坡度10度,是火星上最陡峭的火山之一[10]。该火山海拔约9公里(5.英里),山脚被年轻的(亚马逊纪)熔岩流掩埋,这些熔岩流可能来自塔尔西斯火山群,因此无法准确测定山体真实的大小。据估计,埋在塔尔西斯丘底部的熔岩厚度在500米[6]到3.5公里之间[11]

火山大部分表面都蒙盖着一层厚厚的细尘埃或火山灰[6],使火山山体呈现出平整而略带鼓起的外观[8]。除火山口沿壁等陡坡部位外,覆盖层物质掩盖了下方的基岩,火山口西侧和东南壁的崩塌碎屑堆积在火山口坑底。

地质

塔尔西斯丘东北向斜视图,请注意位于正断层边界西侧的下沉块体。左上角是一座大型崩塌碎屑堆(DAD);狭窄的东北向地堑穿过火山;在左下和右上角可看到来自塔尔西斯的大型熔岩流。该图像由热辐射成像系统白昼红外拼接图与火星轨道器激光高度计地形图叠加合成。

该火山相对陡峭的斜坡和穹顶状的形状使一些早期研究人员得出结论,认为火山是由粘性硅质的熔岩或火山碎屑岩而非流体玄武岩构成[8][12][13]。然而,最近基于火星奥德赛号火星快车号火星勘测轨道飞行器数据的研究表明,塔尔西斯丘可能是一座玄武岩盾状火山[b]或带有复式火山成分[6]的盾状火山。火星勘测轨道飞行器的火星小型侦察成像光谱仪数据显示,暴露在火山口崖壁上的熔岩由高钙和低钙辉石组成。而大量分布于西侧坡上的橄榄石,似乎只存在于覆盖在火山的尘埃中,未检测到层状硅酸盐粘土矿物)、硫酸盐或铁氧化物[6]

塔尔西斯丘有着复杂的火山构造史,该火山丘至少经历了四次不同的结构变形[6]。最明显的变形区域是中央复合火山口,它由一座较老的外火山口和一座较年轻的内火山口组成[c],火山口的边界是一圈保存完好的同心正断层和外围环形断层系统[6]。第三座几乎看不见的火山口位于火山南侧,火山口的大部分边缘已被一座年轻陨坑喷出的喷射物掩埋;然而,火山口的存在被一块直径约45公里的几乎水平的圆形区域勾勒出来[14]

一系列大型弧形正断层从火山中心呈放射状向外分布,正断层的偏移量很大并将火山横切成至少四个部分[7]。北部和南部具有平坦、隆起的轮廓;而西部和东部则由向下倾斜的巨大地块组成。其中西部地块的西北边缘存在一座大型崩塌岩屑堆(DAD),似乎是由西侧坡整片滑落的山体材料所构成。一些研究人员[6][8][13]将塔尔西丘山体变形与夏威夷茂纳洛亚火山和其他地球火山上观测到的“扇形崩塌”进行了比较。扇形崩塌是因火山横向扩展所引起的突发性大规模山体滑坡[15]。另一个建议与塔尔西斯丘类比的地球对象是位于尼加拉瓜马德拉斯火山[d]

除正断层外,一道狭窄的平行地堑系统穿过了火山大部分地区,地堑的走向朝东北方延伸,宽度为0.5至2.8公里,还观察到与地堑相关的坑链[8][e]。地堑和正断层之间的年代关系复杂。在某些地方,地堑似乎横切过正断层,表明地堑更年轻。但是,局部正断层的走向似乎受到强烈的东北向影响,这代表形成地堑的应力早于正断层。地堑很可能在很长一段时间内反复发展[f],并且有可能与正断层部分同时发生。

两个破火山口的出现表明火山下面有两座独立的岩浆室。此外,在主火山南侧坡附近还出现过一次裂隙型喷发,形成了一座小型复式火山。因此,塔尔西斯丘可能是两座火山共同生长的结果,其中主火山占据了该结构北部的三分之二[6][14]

年代

陨石坑计数显示,塔尔西斯丘最古老的部分大约形成于38.2亿年前的诺亚纪晚期。西侧山体似乎约为37.3亿年,而东侧山体显示的年龄约为10.8亿年前(亚马逊纪中期)。大约1.96亿年前(亚马逊纪晚期),南侧山体的一次裂缝喷发产生了熔岩流。因此,火山活动涵盖了超过36亿年的火星史。塔尔西斯丘南侧的裂隙型喷发相对更年轻,因此,表明该火山丘未来仍有可能还会发生火山活动[6]

图集

另请查看

注释

  1. ^ Plescia, 2003, p. 224[7]
  2. ^ Plescia, 2003, p. 223[7]
  3. ^ Plescia, 2003, p. 229[7]
  4. ^ Plescia, 2003, p. 235[7]
  5. ^ Plescia, 2003, p. 228[7]
  6. ^ Plescia, 2003, p. 232[7]

参考文献

  1. ^ Platz, T.; Münn, S.; Walter, T. R.; Procter, J. N.; McGuire, P. C.; Dumke, A.; Neukum, G. Vertical and lateral collapse of Tharsis Tholus, Mars. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2011-05-15, 305 (3–4): 445–455. Bibcode:2011E&PSL.305..445P. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.012. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5949页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ Carr, M.H. (1973). Volcanism on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 78(20), p. 4050, Fig. 1.
  4. ^ National Geographic (1973) Mars Map Supplement; February, 143(2), p. 255A.
  5. ^ Hartmann, W.K. (2003). A Traveler's Guide to Mars: The Mysterious Landscapes of the Red Planet; Workman: New York, p. 28.
  6. ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Platz, T. et al. (2009). Growth and Destruction Cycles and Eruption Styles at Tharsis Tholus, Mars. 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; LPI: Houston, Abstract #1522. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1522.pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Plescia, J.B. Tharsis Tholus: an unusual martian volcano. Icarus. 2003, 165 (2): 223–241 [2022-03-26]. Bibcode:2003Icar..165..223P. ISSN 0019-1035. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00199-4. (原始内容存档于2022-03-26). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Plescia, J.B. (2001). Geology of Tharsis Tholus, Mars. 32nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPI: Houston, Abstract #1090, p. 1. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2001/pdf/1090.pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  9. ^ Carr, M.H. (2006). The Surface of Mars; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, p. 57.
  10. ^ Plescia, J. B. Morphometric properties of Martian volcanoes. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2004, 109 (E03003): Table 1. Bibcode:2004JGRE..109.3003P. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:10.1029/2002JE002031. 
  11. ^ Robinson, M. (1993) PhD dissertation cited by Plescia (2003), p. 236.
  12. ^ Greeley, R.; Spudis, P., 1981. Volcanism on Mars. Rev. Geophys. 19, pp. 13–41. Cited by Plescia (2003), p. 223
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Robinson, M. (1993) PhD dissertation. Cited by Plescia (2003), p. 232.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Maciejak, F.; Lenat J.-F.; Provost, A. (1995). Volcano-Tectonic Evolution Of Tharsis Tholus, Mars. 26th Lunar and planetary Science Conference, LPI: Houston, Abstract #1441, pp. 881-882. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc1995/pdf/1441.pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  15. ^ Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (2008). Volcanic Spreading Induces Flank Collapse at Mauna Loa. USGS. http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/2008/08_10_16.html页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).

外部链接

Read other articles:

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Serie B 1959-1960 (disambigua). Serie B 1959-1960 Competizione Serie B Sport Calcio Edizione 28ª Organizzatore Lega Nazionale Professionisti Date dal 20 settembre 1959al 19 giugno 1960 Luogo  Italia Partecipanti 20 Formula girone unico Risultati Vincitore Torino(1º titolo) Altre promozioni LeccoCatania Retrocessioni TarantoModenaCagliari Statistiche Miglior marcatore Giuseppe Virgili (21) Incontri disputati...

 

 

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يونيو 2019) الحدثكأس اسكتلندا 1981–82 نادي أبردين نادي رينجرز 4 1 التاريخ22 مايو 1982  الملعبهامبدن بارك  الحكمبراين م�...

 

 

For related races, see 1960 United States gubernatorial elections. 1960 West Virginia gubernatorial election ← 1956 November 8, 1960 1964 →   Nominee Wally Barron Harold E. Neely Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 446,755 380,665 Percentage 53.99% 46.01% County resultsBarron:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%Neely:      50–60%    &...

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Simpson. Ne doit pas être confondu avec Tom Simpson (architecte de golf). Tom SimpsonTom Simpson vers 1966.InformationsNaissance 30 novembre 1937HaswellDécès 13 juillet 1967 (à 29 ans)Mont VentouxSépulture NottinghamshireNationalité britanniqueDistinction Sportif de l'année BBC (en) (1965)Équipes professionnelles 1959Saint-Raphael-R. Geminiani-Dunlop1960-1961Rapha-Gitane-Dunlop1962Gitane-Leroux-Dunlop-R. Geminiani1963-1964Peugeot-BP-Englebert196...

 

 

Beato Pietro da Mogliano Religioso  NascitaMogliano, 1435 Morte25 luglio 1490 Venerato daChiesa cattolica Beatificazione10 agosto 1760 da papa Clemente XIII Manuale Beato Pietro da Mogliano, nato Pietro Corradini (Mogliano, 1435 – 25 luglio 1490), è stato un religioso italiano. Biografia Dopo aver seguito dei corsi di diritto all'Università di Perugia, decise di dedicarsi alla vita religiosa dopo aver ascoltato il frate francescano Domenico da Leonessa. Superato un periodo di te...

 

 

Museum in a digital format This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Virtual museum – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Frank Lloyd Wright virtual museum in Second Life, in 2010[1] A virtual museum is a digital entity that ...

Detail dalam lukisan Penghakiman Terakhir karya Michelangelo. Bagian dari serial tentangKeselamatan Konsep umum Eskatologi Keabadian Kebangkitan (orang mati) Keselamatan Kristen Penghakiman khusus Penghakiman Terakhir Soteriologi Transendensi Rekonsiliasi universal Konsep khusus Keadaan antara Kondisionalisme Kristen Memasuki Surga dalam keadaan hidup Satu iman yang benar Hukuman Kematian jiwa Neraka (pandangan Kristen) Purgatorium Penghargaan Surga dalam Kekristenan Dunia yang akan datang lb...

 

 

Seebad UtoquaiSeebad Utoquai as seen from Quaibrücke in Zürich47°21′43″N 8°32′50″E / 47.36186°N 8.547305°E / 47.36186; 8.547305LocationUtoquai, Zürich, CH-8008Opened1890Operated byCity of ZürichTypepublic bath; lake bathStatusopenLengthabout 90 metres (295 ft)Widthabout 30 metres (98 ft)Depth4 metres (13 ft)WebsiteOfficial website (in German)Featureslake shore bathFacilitiesgym, sauna, crèche, kiosk, Ayurveda Seebad Utoquai is a public b...

 

 

Russian politician In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Vasilievich and the family name is Chepa. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (February 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accu...

坐标:43°11′38″N 71°34′21″W / 43.1938516°N 71.5723953°W / 43.1938516; -71.5723953 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2017年5月21日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:新罕布什尔州 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源...

 

 

Hotel in Kraków, Poland Sheraton Grand KrakówLocation within PolandGeneral informationLocationKraków, PolandAddress7 Powisle Street, Krakow, 31-101Coordinates50°03′21″N 19°55′43″E / 50.055939°N 19.9286874°E / 50.055939; 19.9286874Websitewww.sheratongrandkrakow.com.pl Sheraton Grand Kraków is a 5 stars hotel in Kraków, Poland.[1] The hotel is located on the Wisla River bank, near the famous Wawel Castle, close is also the Market Square at the Ol...

 

 

SMP Negeri 19 SurabayaInformasiDidirikan1981Akreditasi93 (A)Nomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional20532558Kepala SekolahSri Widowati, M.M (2023)Jumlah kelas36 kelas dan 3 kelas terbukaRentang kelasVII, VIII, IXKurikulumKurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan dan kurikulum 2013, Kurikulum MerdekaJumlah siswa1444 (2015)StatusSekolah NegeriAlamatLokasiJl. Arief Rahman Hakim 103-B, Surabaya, Jawa TimurSurelsmpn19surabaya.sch.idMoto SMP Negeri (SMPN) 19 Surabaya, merupakan salah satu Sekolah Mene...

Government of Puerto Rico This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Secretary of State of Puerto Rico – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Secretary of State of Puerto RicoOfficial sealIncumbentOmar Marrerosince July 12, 2021Depa...

 

 

2022 studio album by Big ScaryMe and YouStudio album by Big ScaryReleased23 September 2022 (2022-09-23)StudioBellBird, CollingwoodLength36:59LabelPieaterProducerBig ScaryBig Scary chronology Daisy(2021) Me and You(2022) Wing(2024) Singles from Me and You Real LoveReleased: 16 August 2022[1] DevotionReleased: 16 August 2022[1] Goodbye Earle StreetReleased: 2 September 2022[2] Me and You is the fifth studio album by Australian indie pop duo Big Sc...

 

 

Fully-automatic firearm This article is about the specific category of firearms. For the broader topic of all automatic firearms, see automatic firearm. For other uses, see Machine gun (disambiguation). Top: IWI Negev Bottom: FN MAG (general purpose machine gun) Czechoslovak 7.62 mm Universal Machine gun Model 1959 A .50 caliber M2 machine gun: John Browning's design has been one of the longest-serving and most successful machine gun designs A machine gun (MG) is a fully automatic, rifled aut...

1814 Connecticut gubernatorial election 1814 Connecticut gubernatorial election ← 1813 April 11, 1814 1815 →   Nominee John Cotton Smith Elijah Boardman Party Federalist Democratic-Republican Popular vote 9,415 2,619 Percentage 72.87% 20.27% County results Smith:      70–80%      >90%     No data Governor before election John Cotton Smith Federalist Elected Governor John Cotton Smit...

 

 

Gregory Kunde Gregory Kunde (Kankakee, 24 febbraio 1954) è un tenore statunitense. Indice 1 Biografia 1.1 Gli inizi 1.2 La carriera 1.3 Gli anni recenti 2 Repertorio 3 Discografia 3.1 Opere 3.2 Recital 4 Videografia 5 Note 6 Voci correlate 7 Altri progetti 8 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Gli inizi Studia direzione di coro presso l'Illinois State University ma quando, nel 1978, risulta vincitore ad un'audizione indetta dal Lyric Opera of Chicago's Young Artists Program, abbandona gli studi a...

 

 

American actor (1895–1972) For others with the same name, see William Boyd (disambiguation). William BoydBoyd c. 1925Born(1895-06-05)June 5, 1895Hendrysburg, Ohio, U.S.DiedSeptember 12, 1972(1972-09-12) (aged 77)Laguna Beach, California, U.S.Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park CemeteryOther namesHoppy, Hopalong CassidyOccupation(s)Actor, movie producer, directorYears active1918–1954Height6 ft (183 cm)Spouses Laura Maynard ​ ​(m. 1917...

Football league seasonFootball League OneSeason2015–16ChampionsWigan Athletic(2nd divisional title)PromotedWigan AthleticBurton AlbionBarnsleyRelegatedDoncaster RoversBlackpoolColchester UnitedCrewe AlexandraMatches played552Goals scored1,457 (2.64 per match)Top goalscorerWill Grigg (25 goals)Biggest home winChesterfield 7–1 Shrewsbury Town (2 January 2016)Coventry City 6–0 Bury (13 February 2016)Scunthorpe United 6–0 Swindon Town (28 March 2016)Biggest away winCrewe Alexandra 0...

 

 

Patrick Grahamarcivescovo della Chiesa cattolica  Incarichi ricoperti vescovo di Brechin (1463-1465) vescovo di Saint Andrews (1465-1472) arcivescovo di Saint Andrews (1472-1476)  Nominato vescovo11 maggio 1463 Elevato arcivescovo17 agosto 1472 da papa Sisto IV Deceduto1478 al castello di Loch Leven   Manuale Patrick Graham (... – castello di Loch Leven, 1478) è stato un arcivescovo cattolico scozzese. Fu il primo arcivescovo di St. Andrews. Indice 1 Biografia 1.1 Origini 1....